被動(dòng)語態(tài)翻譯

??? 英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用范圍很廣，凡是在不必或不愿 說出或無從說出施動(dòng)者以及為了便于連貫上下文或者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者等場合，往往都用被動(dòng)語 態(tài)。英語被動(dòng)句的翻譯主要有以下幾種情況：

　　一、譯成漢語主動(dòng)句。

　　1．原句中的主語、謂語不變，譯文中沒有表示被動(dòng) 的標(biāo)志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主動(dòng)句，表 達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。例如： Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《實(shí)踐論》已譯成許多國家的文字。 Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 幾天以內(nèi)，全國就武裝起來了。

　　2．原句中的主語移到謂語之后，譯作賓語。 Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district． 我們區(qū)又辦了一所中學(xué)。 Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，戰(zhàn)士們已救出1200人。

　　3．譯成帶表語的主動(dòng)句。 Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 進(jìn)攻的決定不是輕易作出的。 Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在舊社會(huì)，婦女們是受歧視的。

　　4．含主語從句的被動(dòng)句型譯為主動(dòng)句。 以it作形式主語的英語句子，翻譯時(shí)常要轉(zhuǎn)為主動(dòng) 形式，有時(shí)可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我們” 等不確定主語。例如： Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses． 據(jù)報(bào)道敵人正在培育新的殺人病毒。 Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday． 有人建議會(huì)議推遲到下星期一舉行。 Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours． 眾所周知，自然光其實(shí)是由許多種顏色構(gòu)成的。

　　這類句型還有： it is said that... ／It is supposed that...／It must be pointed out that...／It is asserted that...／ It is generally considered that...

　　二、譯成漢語被動(dòng)句

　　為了強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或突出施動(dòng)者時(shí)，可以將英語被 動(dòng)句譯為漢語被動(dòng)句。

　　1．漢語句中有“被”、“遭受”等詞。 Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain，which caused severe flooding． 華北地區(qū)遭受了一場意外的大雨襲擊，引起了嚴(yán) 重的水災(zāi)。 Eg. The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被這小孩打碎了。

　　2．譯成“為……所”的結(jié)構(gòu)。 Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child labourer at the age of twelve. 王大媽為家境所迫，十二歲就到上海一家針織廠 作童工。 Eg. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我為這些話所深深感動(dòng)，后來我就把它們寫在圣 誕卡上了。

　　三、譯成“招”、“使”和“由”字句

　　Eg. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使這家著名的旅館幾乎全部毀壞。 Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 計(jì)劃將先由研究小組加以研究。 Eg. By evening the occupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew. 至傍晚，占領(lǐng)已告完成八點(diǎn)鐘開始的宵禁把人們從 街上趕回家。

　　四、譯成無主語句

　　Eg. Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必須采取某些措施來控制水污染。 Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again. 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了從垃圾中提取這些材料并加以利用 的方法。

　　綜上所述，英語被動(dòng)句多數(shù)情況下譯成漢語的主 動(dòng)句，只有在特別強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或特別突出被動(dòng) 句才譯成漢語被動(dòng)句。我們要選一種既符合漢語 習(xí)慣，又保持上下文連貫的譯法。同時(shí)，既要注 意語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換的一般規(guī)則，也要注意其例外情況， 有的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式已習(xí)語化了，更是不可忽視的。

　　英語中的有些數(shù)詞在漢譯時(shí)可以等值翻譯。但是， 也有不少數(shù)詞在漢譯中不能等值翻譯，或者完全不譯出來。這種翻譯處理方法是為了使?jié)h譯句子能符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。以下分別舉例說明。

　　1）等值翻譯：
　　Eg. a drop in the ocean
　　滄海一粟

　　Eg. within a stone's throw
　　一箭之遙

　　Eg. ki11 two birds with one stone
　　一箭雙雕

　　Eg. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.．
　　吃一塹，長一智。

　　2）不等值翻譯：
　　Eg. at sixes and sevens
　　亂七八糟

　　Eg. on second thoughts
　　再三考慮

　　Eg. by ones and twos
　　兩兩地，零零落落地

　　Eg. Two heads are better than one.
　　三個(gè)臭皮匠勝過諸葛亮。

　　Eg. --Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all.
　　你能便宜一點(diǎn)賣嗎？對(duì)不起，不二價(jià).

　　Eg. He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine.
　　他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。