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化為能量的方式--轉(zhuǎn)化為氦。要是那個(gè)值稍稍低一點(diǎn)--比如從千分之七降至千分之六--那么就不可能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化：宇宙只會(huì)由氫組成。要是那個(gè)值稍稍高一點(diǎn)--高到千分之八--結(jié)合就會(huì)不間斷地發(fā)生，氫早已消耗殆盡。無論是哪種情況，只要這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)稍有變動(dòng)，我們所知的而又需要的宇宙就不會(huì)存在。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

生了引力。又過了極其短暫的時(shí)刻，又產(chǎn)生了電磁以及強(qiáng)核力和弱核力--物理學(xué)的材料。之后，又很快出現(xiàn)了大批基本粒子--材料的材料。從無到有，突然有了大批光子、質(zhì)子、電子、中子和許多別的東西--根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大爆炸理論，每種達(dá)10^79-1089個(gè)之多。 　　這么大的數(shù)量當(dāng)然是難以理解的。我們只要知道，剎那間，我們有了一個(gè)巨大的宇宙，這就夠了--根據(jù)該理論，這個(gè)宇宙是如此之大，直徑至少有1000億光年，但有可能是從任何大小直至無窮大--安排得非常完美，為恒星、星系和其他復(fù)雜體系的創(chuàng)建準(zhǔn)備了條件。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

這是一部有關(guān)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展史的既通俗易懂又引人入勝的書，作者用清晰明了、幽默風(fēng)趣的筆法，將宇宙大爆炸到人類文明發(fā)展進(jìn)程中所發(fā)生的繁多妙趣橫生的故事一一收入筆下。驚奇和感嘆組成了本書，歷歷在目的天下萬物組成了本書，益于人們了解大千世界的無窮奧妙，掌握萬事萬物的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。 收獲英語(yǔ) 收獲一本好書~！ 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~??！ 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫句子。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意，根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào)，這樣有助于提高正確率。 [---1---] Not long after, mind you. By doing a lot of math and watching carefully what goes on in particle accelerators, scientists believe they can look back to 10^-43 seconds after the moment of creation, when the universe was still so small that you would have needed a microscope to find it. [---2---] Thus 10^-43 is 0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001, or one 10 million trillion trillion trillionths of a second. Most of what we know, or believe we know, about the early moments of the universe is thanks to an idea called inflation theory first propounded in 1979 by a junior particle physicist, then at Stanford, now at MIT, named Alan Guth. [---3---] He would probably never have had his great theory except that he happened to attend a lecture on the Big Bang given by none other than Robert Dicke. [---4---] The Big Bang theory isn't about the bang itself but about what happened after the bang. We mustn't swoon over every extraordinary number that comes before us, but it is perhaps worth latching on to one from time to time just to be reminded of their ungraspable and amazing breadth. He was 32 years old and, by his own admission, had never done anything much before. The lecture inspired Guth to take an interest in cosmology, and in particular in the birth of the universe. 大爆炸理論并不是關(guān)于爆炸本身，而是關(guān)于爆炸以后發(fā)生的事。注意，是爆炸以后不久?？茖W(xué)家們做了大量計(jì)算，仔細(xì)觀察粒子加速器里的情況，然后認(rèn)為，他們可以回顧爆炸發(fā)生10^－43秒之后的情況，當(dāng)時(shí)宇宙仍然很小，要用顯微鏡才看得見。對(duì)于每個(gè)出現(xiàn)在我們面前的非同尋常的數(shù)字，我們無須把自己搞得頭昏腦漲，但有時(shí)候也許不妨理解一個(gè)，只是為了不忘其難以掌握、令人驚奇的程度。于是，10^－43秒就是0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1秒，或者是一千億億億億分之一秒。 我們知道的或認(rèn)為知道的有關(guān)宇宙初期的大部分情況，都要?dú)w功于一位年輕的粒子物理學(xué)家于1979年首先提出的膨脹理論。他的名字叫艾倫?古思，他當(dāng)時(shí)在斯坦福大學(xué)工作，現(xiàn)在任職于麻省理工學(xué)院。他當(dāng)時(shí)32歲，自己承認(rèn)以前從沒有作出過很大的成績(jī)。要是他沒有恰好去聽那個(gè)關(guān)于大爆炸的講座的話，很可能永遠(yuǎn)也提不出那個(gè)偉大的理論。開那個(gè)講座的不是別人，正是羅伯特?迪克。講座使古思對(duì)宇宙學(xué)，尤其是對(duì)宇宙的形成產(chǎn)生了興趣。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

文中，他甚至提出可以用一種儀器達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，這種儀器就是霍爾姆德爾的貝爾天線。不幸的是，無論是彭齊亞斯和威爾遜，還是普林斯頓大學(xué)小組的任何專家，都沒有看過伽莫夫的論文。 　　彭齊亞斯和威爾遜聽到的噪聲，正是伽莫夫所假設(shè)的。他們已經(jīng)找到了宇宙的邊緣，至少是宇宙150億光年以外的可見部分。他們?cè)?觀望"第一批質(zhì)子--宇宙中最古老的光--果然不出伽莫夫所料，時(shí)間和距離已經(jīng)將其轉(zhuǎn)變成了微波。艾倫?古思在他的《不斷膨脹的宇宙》一書中提出一種類比，有利于擺正這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的位置。要是你把觀望宇宙深處比做是在美國(guó)紐約帝國(guó)大廈的100層上往下看（假設(shè)100層代表現(xiàn)在，街面代表大爆炸的時(shí)刻），那么在彭齊亞斯和威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)現(xiàn)象的時(shí)候，已經(jīng)有人發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遠(yuǎn)的星系是在大約60層，最遠(yuǎn)的東西--類星體--是在大約20層。彭齊亞斯和威爾遜的發(fā)現(xiàn)，把我們對(duì)宇宙可見部分的認(rèn)識(shí)在大廳的地板上推進(jìn)了約1厘米。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

臺(tái)上可以看到的星系可達(dá)5萬-10萬個(gè)，每個(gè)星系都由幾百億顆恒星組成。這當(dāng)然是個(gè)可觀的數(shù)字，但即使能看到這么多，超新星也是極其少見的。一顆恒星可以燃燒幾十億年，而死亡卻是一下子的事兒。只有少量的臨終恒星發(fā)生爆炸，大多數(shù)默默地熄滅，就像黎明時(shí)的篝火那樣。在一個(gè)由幾千億顆恒星組成的典型星系里，平均每二三百年會(huì)出現(xiàn)一顆超新星。因此，尋找一顆超新星，有點(diǎn)像立在紐約帝國(guó)大廈的觀景臺(tái)上，用望遠(yuǎn)鏡搜索窗戶外的曼哈頓四周，希望發(fā)現(xiàn)--比如說--有人在點(diǎn)著21歲生日蛋糕上的蠟燭。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

出了這幾個(gè)問題。"哦，不

這是一部有關(guān)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展史的既通俗易懂又引人入勝的書，作者用清晰明了、幽默風(fēng)趣的筆法，將宇宙大爆炸到人類文明發(fā)展進(jìn)程中所發(fā)生的繁多妙趣橫生的故事一一收入筆下。驚奇和感嘆組成了本書，歷歷在目的天下萬物組成了本書，益于人們了解大千世界的無窮奧妙，掌握萬事萬物的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。 收獲英語(yǔ) 收獲一本好書~！ 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~！！ 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞或詞組(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意，根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào)，這樣有助于提高正確率。 Hint Evans So when a hopeful and softspoken minister got in touch to ask if they had any usable field charts for hunting supernovae, the astronomical community thought he [-1-]. At the time Evans had a ten-inch telescope—a very [-2-] size for amateur stargazing but hardly the sort of thing with which to do serious cosmology—and he was proposing to find one of the universe's rarer phenomena. [---3---] (At the time I visited him, in August of 2001, he had just recorded his 34th visual discovery; a 35th followed three months later and a 36th in early 2003.) Evans, however, had certain advantages. Most observers, like most people generally, are in the northern [-4-], so he had a lot of sky largely to himself, especially at first. [---5---] Large telescopes are cumbersome things, and much of their operational time [-6-] being maneuvered into position. Evans could swing his little 16-inch telescope around like a tail gunner in a dogfight, spending no more than a couple of seconds on any particular point in the sky. [-7-], he could observe perhaps four hundred galaxies in an evening while a large professional telescope would be lucky to do 50 or 60. was out of his mind respectable In the whole of astronomical history before Evans started looking in 1980, fewer than 60 supernovae had been found. hemisphere He also had speed and his uncanny memory. is consumed with In consequence 因此，要是有一位滿懷希望、說話細(xì)聲細(xì)氣的牧師前來聯(lián)系，問一聲他們有沒有可用的星場(chǎng)地圖，以便尋找超新星，天文學(xué)界一定會(huì)認(rèn)為他的腦子出了毛病。當(dāng)時(shí)，埃文斯只有一臺(tái)5厘米的天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡--這供業(yè)余觀星之用倒差不多，但用那玩意兒來搞嚴(yán)肅的宇宙研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠--他卻提出要尋找宇宙里比較稀罕的現(xiàn)象。埃文斯于1980年開始觀察，在此之前，整個(gè)天文學(xué)史上發(fā)現(xiàn)的超新星還不到60顆。（到我2001年8月拜訪他的時(shí)候，他已經(jīng)記錄了他的第34次目視發(fā)現(xiàn)；3個(gè)月以后，他有了第35次發(fā)現(xiàn)；2003年初，第36次。） 然而，埃文斯有著某些優(yōu)勢(shì)。大部分觀察者像大部分人口一樣身處北半球，因此身處南半球的他在很大程度上獨(dú)自擁有一大片天空，尤其是在最初的時(shí)候。他還擁有速度和超人的記憶力。大型天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡是很笨重的東西，移動(dòng)到位要花掉好多操作時(shí)間。埃文斯可以像近距離空戰(zhàn)中的機(jī)尾射手那樣把5厘米小型望遠(yuǎn)鏡轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去，用幾秒鐘時(shí)間就可以瞄準(zhǔn)天空中任何一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)。因此，他一個(gè)晚上也許可以觀測(cè)400個(gè)星系，而一臺(tái)大型專業(yè)天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡能觀測(cè)五六十個(gè)就很不錯(cuò)了。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

這是一部有關(guān)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展史的既通俗易懂又引人入勝的書，作者用清晰明了、幽默風(fēng)趣的筆法，將宇宙大爆炸到人類文明發(fā)展進(jìn)程中所發(fā)生的繁多妙趣橫生的故事一一收入筆下。驚奇和感嘆組成了本書，歷歷在目的天下萬物組成了本書，益于人們了解大千世界的無窮奧妙，掌握萬事萬物的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。 收獲英語(yǔ) 收獲一本好書~！ 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~！！ 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞、詞組或句子。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意，根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào)，這樣有助于提高正確率。 [---1---] It is very tiny: just one-quarter of 1 percent as [-2-] as Earth. [---3---] This alone makes it extremely anomalous; it means that our planetary system consists of four rocky inner planets, four gassy outer giants, and a tiny, solitary iceball. [---4---] Then we will have problems. After Christy spotted Pluto's moon, astronomers began to regard that section of the cosmos more attentively and as of early December 2002 had found over six hundred additional Trans-Neptunian Objects, or Plutinos as they are [-5-] called. One, dubbed Varuna, is nearly as big as Pluto's moon. [---6---] The difficulty is that many of them are [-7-] dark. Typically they have an albedo, or reflectiveness, of just 4 percent, about the same as a lump of charcoal—and of course these lumps of charcoal are about four billion miles away. So if Pluto really is a planet, it is certainly an odd one. massive If you set it down on top of the United States, it would cover not quite half the lower 48 states. Moreover, there is every reason to suppose that we may soon begin to find other even larger icy spheres in the same portion of space. alternatively Astronomers now think there may be billions of these objects. awfully 因此，如果冥王星真是一顆行星，那肯定是一顆很怪的行星。它很小，只有地球的四百分之一大。假

這是一部有關(guān)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展史的既通俗易懂又引人入勝的書，作者用清晰明了、幽默風(fēng)趣的筆法，將宇宙大爆炸到人類文明發(fā)展進(jìn)程中所發(fā)生的繁多妙趣橫生的故事一一收入筆下。驚奇和感嘆組成了本書，歷歷在目的天下萬物組成了本書，益于人們了解大千世界的無窮奧妙，掌握萬事萬物的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。 收獲英語(yǔ) 收獲一本好書~！ 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~??！ 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞、詞組或句子。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意，根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào)，這樣有助于提高正確率。 Hints galactic debris Kuiper Pluto the Sun Neptune As for Pluto itself, nobody is quite sure how big it is, or what it is made of, [---1---] or even what it really is. [---2---] The Kuiper belt was actually theorized by an astronomer named F. C. Leonard in 1930, but the name honors Gerard Kuiper, a Dutch native working in America, who [-3-] the idea. The Kuiper belt is the source of what are known as short-period comets—those that come past pretty regularly—of which the most famous is Halley's comet. The more [-4-] long-period comets (among them the recent visitors Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake) come from the much more distant Oort cloud, about which more presently. It is certainly true that Pluto doesn't act much like the other planets. [---5---] Whereas the other planets orbit on more or less the same plane, Pluto's orbital path is tipped (as it were) out of alignment at an angle of seventeen degrees, like the brim of a hat tilted rakishly on someone's head. [---6---] For most of the 1980s and 1990s, Neptune was in fact the solar system's most far-flung planet. Only on February 11, 1999, did Pluto return to the outside lane, there to remain for the next 228 years. what kind of atmosphere it has, A lot of astronomers believe it isn't a planet at all, but merely the largest object so far found in a zone of galactic debris known as the Kuiper belt. expanded reclusive Not only is it runty and obscure, but it is so variable in its motions that no one can tell you exactly where Pluto will be a century hence. Its orbit is so irregular that for substantial periods on each of its lonely circuits around the Sun it is closer to us than Neptune is. 至于冥王星本身，誰(shuí)也不大清楚它有多大，是什么組成的，有什么樣的大氣，甚至它到底是個(gè)什么東西。許多天文學(xué)家認(rèn)為，它其實(shí)算不上是顆行星，而只是我們?cè)阢y河的廢墟帶（稱之為凱珀帶）發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大的物體。凱珀帶理論實(shí)際上是1930年由一位名叫F.G.倫納德的天文學(xué)家提出來的，他用這個(gè)名字來紀(jì)念一位在美國(guó)工作的荷蘭人杰勒德?凱珀。凱珀發(fā)展了這個(gè)理論。凱珀帶是所謂短命彗星的源泉--那種經(jīng)常一閃而過的星星--其中最著名的就是哈雷彗星。比較長(zhǎng)命的彗星（其中有最近光顧的海爾－博普彗星和百武彗星）產(chǎn)生于遙遠(yuǎn)得多的奧爾特云，我們過一會(huì)兒就會(huì)談到這個(gè)問題。 　　冥王星的表現(xiàn)與別的行星很不一樣，這種看法肯定沒錯(cuò)兒。它不但又小又模糊，而且它的運(yùn)行方式變化不定，一個(gè)世紀(jì)以后誰(shuí)也說不準(zhǔn)冥王星到底會(huì)在哪里。別的行星多少在同一平面上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，而冥王星的運(yùn)行軌道（似乎）是傾斜的，不和別的行星處于同一平面，而是形成一個(gè)17度的角，猶如有人頭上瀟灑地歪戴著帽子。它的軌道很不規(guī)則，在它寂寞地繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的過程中，每一圈都在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里比海王星距離我們更近。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代的大部分時(shí)間里，海王星是太陽(yáng)系里離我們最遠(yuǎn)的行星。只是到了1999年2月11日，冥王星才回到外側(cè)的軌道，此后它將在那里停留228年的時(shí)間。 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>

這是一部有關(guān)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展史的既通俗易懂又引人入勝的書，作者用清晰明了、幽默風(fēng)趣的筆法，將宇宙大爆炸到人類文明發(fā)展進(jìn)程中所發(fā)生的繁多妙趣橫生的故事一一收入筆下。驚奇和感嘆組成了本書，歷歷在目的天下萬物組成了本書，益于人們了解大千世界的無窮奧妙，掌握萬事萬物的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。 收獲英語(yǔ) 收獲一本好書~！ 書本的朗讀語(yǔ)音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好學(xué)著模仿哦~~~！！ 因?yàn)樵鵀槊绹?guó)人所寫,單詞采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后聽寫單詞或詞組(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。請(qǐng)邊聽寫邊理解文意，根據(jù)上下文注意各句標(biāo)號(hào)，這樣有助于提高正確率。 It was he who coined the term "Big Bang" in a moment of facetiousness, for a radio broadcast in 1952. [---1---] Hoyle [-2-] a steady-state theory in which the universe was constantly expanding and continually creating new matter as it went. Hoyle also realized that if stars imploded they would [-3-] huge amounts of heat — 100 million degrees or more, enough to begin to generate the heavier elements in a process known as nucleosynthesis. [---4---] For this work, W. A. Fowler, one of his collaborators, received a Nobel Prize. Hoyle, [-5-], did not. According to Hoyle's theory, an exploding star would [-6-]enough heat to create all the new elements and [-7-]them into the cosmos where they would form gaseous clouds—the interstellar medium as it is known — that could eventually coalesce into new solar systems. With the new theories it became possible at last to construct plausible scenarios for how we got here. What we now think we know is this: He pointed out that nothing in our understanding of physics could account for why everything, gathered to a point, would suddenly and dramatically begin to expand. favored liberate In 1957, working with others, Hoyle showed how the heavier elements were formed in supernova explosions. shamefully generate spray 是他1952年在一篇廣播稿中開玩笑地創(chuàng)造了大爆炸這個(gè)名字。他指出，我們?cè)诶斫馕锢韺W(xué)的時(shí)候，怎么也解釋不了為什么一切會(huì)聚合成一點(diǎn)，然后又突然戲劇性地開始膨脹?；粢翣栙澇珊惴€(wěn)態(tài)學(xué)說，該學(xué)說認(rèn)為宇宙在不斷膨脹，在此過程中不斷創(chuàng)造新的物質(zhì)?；粢翣栠€意識(shí)到，要是恒星發(fā)生爆聚，便會(huì)釋放出大量熱量--溫度在1億攝氏度以上，足以在被稱之為核合成的過程中產(chǎn)生較重的元素。1957年，霍伊爾和別人一起，展示重元素是如何在超新星的爆炸中形成的。由于這項(xiàng)工作，他的合作者W.A.福勒獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)?；粢翣杽t沒有，很難為情。 　　根據(jù)霍伊爾的理論，一顆爆炸中的恒星會(huì)釋放出足夠的熱量來產(chǎn)生所有的新元素，并把它們?yōu)⒃谟钪胬铩＿@些元素會(huì)形成氣云--就是所謂的星際媒介--最終聚合成新的太陽(yáng)系。有了這些理論，我們終于可以為我們?cè)趺磿?huì)來到這個(gè)世界的問題構(gòu)筑一個(gè)貌似有理的設(shè)想。我們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為自己知道的情況如下： 這篇材料你能聽出多少？點(diǎn)擊這里做聽寫，提高外語(yǔ)水平>>