六級(jí)講座聽力之英語(yǔ)報(bào)道詳析
一、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) ?
新聞播報(bào)不同于其他形式的聽力材料,它在結(jié)構(gòu)上有自身的特點(diǎn)。VOA 和BBC 等廣播之聲的英語(yǔ)新聞播報(bào)在形式和結(jié)構(gòu)上大多采用“倒金字塔法”(the inverted pyramid form)或“時(shí)間順序法”(chronological style)。熟悉這兩種寫作方法,對(duì)于聽懂新聞廣播會(huì)有很大的幫助。 ?
所謂“倒金字塔體”,也稱為倒敘法,即按新聞事實(shí)重要性的程度由要點(diǎn)到細(xì)節(jié)逐步擴(kuò)展,安排全文。把最重要的事實(shí)置于全文的第一個(gè)句子中,這個(gè)句子被稱為新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(the news lead)。它告知聽眾最關(guān)心最重要的事實(shí),如事件(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who),以及原因和方式(why,how)。新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)包含了我們常說的五個(gè)WH和一個(gè)H構(gòu)成的“新聞六大要素”。新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是整條新聞的高度濃縮形式,聽懂了導(dǎo)語(yǔ),也就聽懂了新聞的主要內(nèi)容。當(dāng)然,由于新聞報(bào)道的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,有時(shí)新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)也可能只包含其中幾個(gè)要素。
所謂“時(shí)間順序法”,顧名思義就是按照時(shí)間的先后順序來報(bào)道。這一體裁多用于體育比賽、文藝演出、災(zāi)難、交通事故以及犯罪案件等等。按此結(jié)構(gòu)寫出的報(bào)道通常由開頭(導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分)、按時(shí)間順序敘述的一系列新聞事實(shí)(events in sequence)和結(jié)尾(ending)幾個(gè)部分組成。這種報(bào)導(dǎo)方式的重要之處在于其主題一般放在最后,所以聽者必須認(rèn)真聽其中的每一句話,才能更好地把握新聞事實(shí),了解全部新聞內(nèi)容。 ?
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二、詞言特點(diǎn) ?
新聞報(bào)道涵蓋面廣,有政治的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、環(huán)保的、災(zāi)難的,不一而足。因此,其使用的詞匯范圍較廣,詞匯量較大。除一般常用詞匯外,還有大量專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)及專有名詞,包括人名、地名、國(guó)家、政黨組織、傳媒機(jī)構(gòu)、宗教、武器裝備等。例如:
The 2010 Global Hunger Index report was released today by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). It notes that, in recent years, experts have come to the conclusion that undernourishment between conception and a child’s second birthday can have serious and long-lasting impacts. ?
Undernourishment during this approximately 1,000-day window can seriously check the growth and development of children and render them more likely to get sick and die than well-fed children. Preventing hunger allows children to develop both physically and mentally. ?
Says IFPRI’s Marie Ruel, “They will be more likely to perform well in school. They will stay in school longer. And then at adulthood, IFPRI has actually demonstrated that children who were better nourished have higher wages, by a pretty large margin, by 46 percent.”
Ruel says that means the productivity of a nation’s future generations depends in a large part on the first 1,000 days of life.
“This is why we’re all on board in focusing on those thousand days to improve nutrition. After that, the damage is done and is highly irreversible.”
The data on nutrition and childhood development has been slowly coming together for decades. But Ruel says scientific consensus alone will not solve the problem. ?
“It’s not enough that nutritionists know you have to intervene then, if we don’t have the politicians on board, and also the...people that implement [programs] in the field.”
Ruel says there are encouraging signs that politicians and implementers are beginning to get on board. Many major donors and the United Nations are targeting hunger-relief programs at pregnant women and young children. They focus on improving diets or providing micro-food supplements. They improve access to pre-birth care and encourage exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a child’s life. ?
Ruel says in the 1980s Thailand was able to reduce child undernourishment by recruiting a large number of volunteers to travel the countryside teaching about health and nutrition.
“They really did very active promotion of diversity in the diet and good eating habits. So they were providing more food to people, but also educating people on how to use them, and also educating people on how to feed their young children.”
Ruel says countries may take different approaches to reducing child undernutrition. But she says nations will not make progress fighting hunger and poverty until they begin to focus on those critical first thousand days. (CET 6官方樣題二)
上面這段樣題是關(guān)于嬰兒營(yíng)養(yǎng)問題的報(bào)道,其中和醫(yī)療保健有關(guān)的專業(yè)詞匯包括“undernourishment”、“conception”、“1,000-day window”、“hunger-relief program”、“micro-food supplements”、“pre-birth care”、“breastfeeding”、“undernutrition”等。這些專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)基本都是通過派生或復(fù)合而來的新詞。派生是通過添加詞綴(前綴、后綴)的方式構(gòu)造新詞,如“undernourishment”中的前綴“under-”表示“下方、低于”,后綴“-ment”構(gòu)成名詞,結(jié)合詞根“nourish”可推測(cè)出詞義“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良”?!皃re-birth care”中前綴“pre-”表示“之前”,結(jié)合后面的常見詞“birth”和“care”,可知該詞組表示“產(chǎn)前保健、產(chǎn)前照顧”。復(fù)合是將幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的詞組合起來構(gòu)成新詞,如“hunger-relief program”。這幾個(gè)詞的意思相互組合,就是它們復(fù)合而成的詞或詞組的意思?!癶unger-relief program”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)的意思就是“饑餓救濟(jì)方案”。通過分析內(nèi)部構(gòu)詞成分,再結(jié)合上下文,很容易猜出這些詞的意思。除專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)外,上例報(bào)道中還有一些專有名詞,如“Global Hunger Index report”、“International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)”、“Marie Ruel”以及“the United Nations”。這些專有名詞通常能夠幫助我們把握?qǐng)?bào)道主題,往往也是重點(diǎn)出題點(diǎn),意義重大。除了專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)和專有名詞外,報(bào)道在用詞方面突出的特點(diǎn)還有偏好使用短小詞匯、縮寫詞,常常創(chuàng)造和使用新詞,借用人物名稱指代政府機(jī)構(gòu)。
1. 短小詞匯
英語(yǔ)新聞力求用有限的字?jǐn)?shù)來表達(dá)新聞的內(nèi)容,因此,選詞盡可能經(jīng)濟(jì)達(dá)意、簡(jiǎn)短明了。新聞?dòng)谜Z(yǔ)偏愛選用那些短小精悍或字母最少的動(dòng)詞,一般為單音節(jié)詞,比較生動(dòng)靈活。新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)稱這類詞為synonyms of all work(萬(wàn)能同義詞),如back(支持),ban(禁止);再如表示“破壞”或“損壞”意義的動(dòng)詞,英語(yǔ)新聞一般不用damage,而用一些較之簡(jiǎn)短的詞,如hit,harm,hurt,ruin或wreck等。又如表示“爆炸”意義時(shí),一般不用explode,而用blast,crash,ram或smash等詞。
簡(jiǎn)而言之,英語(yǔ)新聞大都喜歡選用字形短小、音節(jié)少而意義又比較廣泛的詞。下面是英語(yǔ)新聞報(bào)道中常用的短詞:
ace = champion 得勝者
aid = assistance 幫助;援助
axe = dismiss/reduce 解雇/減少
ban = prohibit/forbid 禁止
bid = attempt 努力
blast = explosion 爆炸
boost = increase 增加;提高
clash = disagree strongly 發(fā)生分歧;爭(zhēng)議
deal = agreement/transaction 協(xié)議/交易
fake = counterfeit 假貨
feud = strong dispute 嚴(yán)重分歧
flop = failure 失敗
foe = opponent 對(duì)手
foil = prevent from 阻止
freeze = stabilization 凍結(jié);平抑
grill = investigate 調(diào)查
gut = destroy 摧毀
head = direct 率領(lǐng)
laud = praise 贊揚(yáng)
link = connection 連接
map = work out 制定
mark = celebrate 慶祝
name = appoint/nominate 命名/提名
nod = approval 許可;批準(zhǔn)
oust = expel 驅(qū)逐
pact = agreement/treaty 條約/協(xié)議
peril = endanger 危害
probe = investigation 調(diào)查
raid = attack 攻擊
rift = separation 隔離;分離
row = quarrel 爭(zhēng)論
soar = skyrocket 急劇上升
spur = encourage 激勵(lì)
sway = influence 影響
ties = (diplomatic) relations (外交)關(guān)系
vie = compete 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
vow = determine 決心、發(fā)誓
weigh = consider 考慮
2. 借用人、物名稱
在新聞報(bào)道中借用各國(guó)首都、大城市等地名、著名建筑物名稱以及政府首腦姓名,來替代該國(guó)或其政府及有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)。有時(shí)還借用某個(gè)物名來表示某個(gè)意思,使新聞報(bào)道更活潑更富有色彩,這實(shí)屬新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的一個(gè)獨(dú)創(chuàng)。由于這類名詞都有豐富的特殊內(nèi)涵,又廣為人知,因此記者使用這些詞語(yǔ)不僅會(huì)使新聞報(bào)道的行文簡(jiǎn)介明快,還會(huì)使其更具新聞性和通俗性。聽眾一聽到這些色彩鮮明、生動(dòng)形象的名詞就知道整篇報(bào)道的大體內(nèi)容了。例如:
America’s trading partners in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) formally charged Washington today with violating the rules of the trading agreement with its l5 percent surtax on imports.美國(guó)在關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的貿(mào)易伙伴今天正式指控美國(guó)政府破壞了貿(mào)易協(xié)定的原則,對(duì)進(jìn)口商品征收 15%的附加稅。
上句中的Washington(華盛頓)代指美國(guó)政府。類似的例子還有:
Big Board (紐約證券交易所的大行情板)紐約證券所;紐約股市
Broadway (百老匯大街)美國(guó)或紐約市商業(yè)性戲劇(業(yè))
Capitol/Capitol Hill/Hill (美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)所在地“國(guó)會(huì)山”)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)
Foggy Bottom (美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院等政府機(jī)構(gòu)所在地“霧谷”)美國(guó)政府
Hollywood (好萊塢)美國(guó)電影業(yè);美國(guó)電影界
Madison Avenue (美國(guó)廣告業(yè)中心“麥迪遜大街”) 美國(guó)廣告業(yè);美國(guó)商業(yè)
Pentagon/Penta (五角大樓)美國(guó)國(guó)防部
Uncle Sam (山姆大叔)美國(guó)政府;美國(guó)人
Wall Street (華爾街)美國(guó)金融界;美國(guó)金融市場(chǎng)
White House (白宮)美國(guó)政府;美國(guó)總統(tǒng)
Buckingham palace (英國(guó)王宮“白金漢宮”)英國(guó)皇室
the City (英國(guó)首都倫敦市中心“倫敦城”) 英國(guó)商業(yè)界;英國(guó)金融界
Downing Street No.10 (英國(guó)首相官邸和一些主要政府部門所在地“唐寧街10號(hào)”) 英國(guó)首相;英國(guó)政府
Fleet Street (艦隊(duì)街)英國(guó)新聞界
Scotland Yard (蘇格蘭場(chǎng))倫敦警察局;倫敦警方
Elysee (法國(guó)總統(tǒng)官邱“愛麗舍宮”) 法國(guó)政府;法國(guó)總統(tǒng)
Horn of Africa (非洲之角)索馬里和埃塞俄比亞
Zhongnanhai (中南海)中國(guó)政府 ?
3. 創(chuàng)造和采用新詞 ?
新聞往往跑在時(shí)代的最前面,反映并記載了世界的發(fā)展和變遷。每逢新事物出現(xiàn),與之相關(guān)的新詞便會(huì)率先在新聞中露面,然后再流行于世的。這些詞在達(dá)到相當(dāng)程度的普遍性后,便被逐漸吸收進(jìn)詞典里,正式成為現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的一部分。例如:
1969年7月20日,美國(guó)阿波羅號(hào)(Apollo) 宇宙飛船登月成功,許多國(guó)家的媒體競(jìng)相報(bào)道,由此也產(chǎn)生了大量有關(guān)的新詞,現(xiàn)都已廣泛使用在日常英語(yǔ)中,如moonwalk(月面行走),moonman (登月飛行員;月球飛行研究者),moonfall(登月),moonscape(月面景色),moonrock(月球巖石), mooncraft(月球飛船),moonport(月球火箭發(fā)射場(chǎng)),moonset(月落),moonship(月球飛船),moon shoot(<火箭、宇宙飛船等>向月球發(fā)射;月射),earthrise(地出),space sickness(宇航病),space suit (宇航服),space travel(太空旅行),spacewalk(太空行走),spaceflight(宇宙飛行),Space Age(航天時(shí)代;太空時(shí)代),space cadet(宇宙飛行迷),space colony(宇宙空間移民區(qū)),space industry(航天工業(yè)),spacelift(宇宙運(yùn)輸),space race(太空競(jìng)爭(zhēng)),space science(航天科學(xué)),等等。
類似的例子還有non-aligned country(不結(jié)盟國(guó)家),artificial breeding (人工受精),ATM(自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)),euthanasia(安樂死), AIDS(艾滋病),elevated highways (高架道路),information superhighway(信息高速公路),beeper (無(wú)線傳呼機(jī),俗稱“拷機(jī)”、BP機(jī)),cellular phone(移動(dòng)電話),value-added tax(增值稅),latchkey child (掛鑰匙的孩子),CD[compact disc(光盤),hula hoop(呼拉圈),surfing (沖浪運(yùn)動(dòng)),talk show(訪談節(jié)目;談話類節(jié)目),karaoke (卡拉OK)等新詞,這些新詞無(wú)一不是通過英語(yǔ)新聞傳播后而為人們所熟知的。 ?
4.頻繁使用縮略詞 ?
由于各種機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、條約等的全稱比較長(zhǎng),所以在英語(yǔ)新聞中經(jīng)常使用縮略詞。例如,UN 指“the United Nations”,是“聯(lián)合國(guó)”的縮寫;IMF 指International Monetary Fund,是“國(guó)際貨幣基金組織”的縮寫,還有OECD(Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development 經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和開發(fā)組織),OPEC(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油輸出國(guó)組織)等。對(duì)于這些縮略詞既要了解意思又要知道正確讀音。英語(yǔ)新聞中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的縮寫詞主要分為三類:
組織機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名稱:
UNESCO=United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization(聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織)
IMF=International Monetary Fund(國(guó)際貨幣基金組織)
ASEAN=Association Of Southeast Asian Nations(東南亞國(guó)家聯(lián)盟;“東盟”)
GATT=General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade(關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定)
WTO=World Trade Organization(世界貿(mào)易組織)
OPEC=Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries(石油輸出國(guó)組織;“歐佩克”)
PLO=Palestine Liberation Organization(巴勒斯坦解放組織;“巴解”)
IOC=International Olympic Committee(國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì))
NASA=National Aeronautics And Space Administration[(美國(guó))國(guó)家宇航局]
WHO=World Health Organization(世界衛(wèi)生組織)
AU=African Union(非洲聯(lián)盟)
IFPRI =International Food Policy Research Institute (國(guó)際糧食政策研究所)
常見事物的名稱:
UFO=Unidentified Flying Object(不明飛行物;“飛碟”)
DJI=Dow-Jones Index(道?瓊斯指數(shù))
PC=Personal Computer(個(gè)人電腦)
ABM=Anti-Ballistic Missile(反彈道導(dǎo)彈)
PT=Public Relations(公共關(guān)系)
SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(限制戰(zhàn)略武器會(huì)談)
SDI=Strategic Defence Initiative(戰(zhàn)略防御措施)
GMT=Greenwich Mean Time(格林威治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間)
職業(yè)、職務(wù)或職稱的名詞:
PM=Prime Minister(總理;首相)
GM=General Manager(總經(jīng)理)
VIP=Very Important Person(貴賓;要人)
TP=Traffic Policeman(交通警察)
PA=Personal Assistant(私人助理)
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