Many countries have adopted the principle of sustainable development it can combat against environment deterioration in air quality, water quality and ...viable role for every member in the world.. production .health education in developing countries. But some argue that it's a vague idea, some organizations may use it in its own interests, whether environmental or economic is the nature of interests. Others argue that sustainable development in developing countries overlook the local customs, habitude and people.

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原文加黑部分不完整。答案只能作為參考。

local customs, habitude and people.這類內(nèi)容一定要逐字分析，不要出現(xiàn)意義空白，

But some argue that it's a vague idea, some organizations may use it in its own interests, whether environmental or economic is the nature of interests. 本句中的idea和nature都要根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣進(jìn)行有效調(diào)整，以達(dá)到通順的目的。

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本句參考譯文：

許多國家紛紛制定可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，以便應(yīng)對(duì)廣大發(fā)展中國家所面臨的環(huán)境惡化問題，保障空氣質(zhì)量、水質(zhì)和生產(chǎn)安全，實(shí)踐證明，衛(wèi)生教育對(duì)推動(dòng)世界各國的發(fā)展具有切實(shí)可行性。但有人認(rèn)為，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念不夠明晰，淪為部分組織謀取自身利益的工具，將所有環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題都變成了利益問題。還有人認(rèn)為，發(fā)展中國家在實(shí)施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略過程中，時(shí)常會(huì)忽視當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)俗、習(xí)慣和民生問題。

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Whereas interdependence is desirable during times of peace, war necessitates competition and independence. Tariffs and importation limits strengthen a country's economic vitality while potentially weakening the economies of its enemies. Moreover, protectionism in the weapons industry is highly desirable during such circumstances because reliance on another state for armaments can be fatal.

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本句用詞非常儉省，句式較短，容易產(chǎn)生誤理尤其是類似于war necessitates這類比較正式的用法，一定要在反復(fù)推敲的基礎(chǔ)上，通過調(diào)整主語的方式，產(chǎn)生比較通順的譯文。

本句參考譯文：

在和平年代，各國之間需要相互依存，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，各國又必須相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，追求獨(dú)立。關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口限制政策有助于增強(qiáng)本國經(jīng)濟(jì)活力，同時(shí)削弱敵國的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長潛力。此外，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)條件下對(duì)武器制造業(yè)采取保護(hù)主義極為必要，因?yàn)閷?duì)于他國的武器依賴可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致致命后果。

For the most part, eco-nomists emphasize the negative effects of protectionism. It reduces international trade and raises prices for consumers. In addition, domestic firms that receive protection have less incentive to innovate. Although free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business, the displaced workers and resources are ultimately allocated to other areas of the economy.

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free trade puts uncompetitive firms out of business,這類句子都屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)當(dāng)中常用的口語化表達(dá)，需要找到在中文中的對(duì)應(yīng)說法。

?displaced workers and resources原文一個(gè)修飾詞在譯文中變成了兩個(gè)，體現(xiàn)出處理的靈活和地道性，應(yīng)該在翻譯中注意。

本句參考譯文：

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家多半強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)主義的負(fù)面效應(yīng)，認(rèn)為保護(hù)主義削弱了國際貿(mào)易，抬升了消費(fèi)價(jià)格。不僅如此，受到貿(mào)易保護(hù)的本土企業(yè)往往喪失了創(chuàng)新動(dòng)力。雖然自由貿(mào)易會(huì)將缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的公司淘汰出局，但失業(yè)工人和閑置資源會(huì)配置到經(jīng)濟(jì)的其它領(lǐng)域。

Imposing quotas is a method used to protect trade, since foreign companies cannot ship more products regardless of how low they set their prices. Countries that hope to help a new industry thrive locally often impose quotas on imported goods. They believe that such restrictions allow entities in the new industry to develop their own competitive advantages and produce the products efficiently. Developing countries often use this argument to justify their restrictions on foreign goods.

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help a new industry thrive locally各國為了扶持本國新產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展壯大，這類句子說法很多，但要注意表達(dá)的正式程度。

本句參考譯文：

設(shè)定限額是貿(mào)易保護(hù)手段之一，在此情況下，不論國外企業(yè)商品定價(jià)多低，都不能超額進(jìn)口貨物。各國為了扶持本國新產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展壯大，通常會(huì)對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品設(shè)定限額。這些國家認(rèn)為，此類限制有助于新產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)體充分提升自身競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，提高商品生產(chǎn)效率。發(fā)展中國家常常以這一觀點(diǎn)作為對(duì)國外產(chǎn)品實(shí)施限制的借口。

Protectionism’s purpose is usually to create jobs for domestic workers. Companies that operate in industries protected by quotas hire workers locally. Another disadvantage of quotas is the reduction in the quality of products in the absence of competition from foreign companies. Without competition, local firms are less likely to invest in innovation and improve their products and services. Domestic sellers don’t have an incentive to enhance efficiency and lower their prices, and under such conditions, consumers eventually pay more for products and services they could receive from foreign competitors. As local companies lose competitiveness, they become pressured to outsource jobs. In the long-run, increasing protectionism commonly leads to layoffs and economic slowdown

這一段落較為簡單，主要注意名詞的處理，

Purpose

Reduction

Reduction

這些詞在處理時(shí)都可以按照漢語的習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)成動(dòng)詞。

本句參考譯文：

貿(mào)易主義政策通常旨在為本土工人創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位。在限額政策行業(yè)內(nèi)運(yùn)作的公司只雇傭當(dāng)?shù)毓と?。限額政策的另一缺點(diǎn)是由于缺乏國國外公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量因此下降。由于缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，本土企業(yè)往往不愿增加創(chuàng)新投入，也不想改變產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)質(zhì)量。國內(nèi)商家在提高效率和降低價(jià)格方面缺乏動(dòng)力。這樣一下，消費(fèi)者們最終花更多的錢去購買國外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)。本土企業(yè)一旦喪失競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，就被迫要把工作外包出去。從長遠(yuǎn)來看，增加保護(hù)主義通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)裁員，引起經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。