表示詞與詞、詞與句關(guān)系的詞。

常用介詞：on、at、in、above、by、with等；

合成類介詞：inside、outside、onto、out of、within 等；

短語類介詞：according to、ahead of、along with等。

一、含義

介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞,?詞與句之間的關(guān)系的詞。在句中不能單獨(dú)作句字成分。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組，在句中作狀語，表語，補(bǔ)語或介詞賓語。

二、分類

1.常用簡(jiǎn)單介詞：

　　about, across, against, among, after, at, behind, besides, beyond, by, concerning, beneath, between, despite, except, during, down, for, from, past, than, under, until 等。

2.合成介詞：

　　inside, outside, onto, out of, within 等。

3.短語介詞：

　　according to, ahead of, along with, as for, because of, be means of, due to, in spite of, on behalf of, owing to, with regard to 等。

三、介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系

在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，一遇到“……的”，大家就會(huì)立刻想到’s 所有格或者of。實(shí)際上，在很多情況下，“……的”必須借助于介詞才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。

　　● 美國(guó)的冬天→ the winter in America

　　● 停車場(chǎng)的入口→ the entrance to the parking lot

　　● 穿過森林的小路→ the path through the forest

　　● 魯迅的著作→ the works by Lu Xun

　　● 水中的月亮→ the moon reflected in water

　　● 歷史的見證→ the witness to history

　　● 對(duì)愛的渴望→ a longing for love

　　● 對(duì)我們不利的證據(jù)→ the evidence against us

　　● 陽光下的漫步→ a walk in the sunlight

　　● 追求名譽(yù)的女人→ a lady after fame

　　● 兩人之間的爭(zhēng)論→ an argument between the two persons

四、重要介詞的重要用法

　　(1)from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向。

　　He came from London.

　　He went to London.

　　二詞常搭配使用“from... to...”

　　We studied English from morning to afternoon.

　　He'll start from Beijing to Shanghai.

　　經(jīng)典用法：

　　● 由于→ The girl is trembling from fear.

　　● 免除→ Tramps are always free from care. 流浪漢們總是無憂無慮。

　　● 分開→ The couple parted from each other at the airport.

　　● 由……制成→ The red wine is made from grapes. 紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。

　　由from引導(dǎo)的慣用法：

　　from far 從遠(yuǎn)處

　　from now / then on 從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起

　　from bad to worse 每況愈下

　　from time to time(occasionally 時(shí)而)

　　習(xí)語：

　　She comes to visit me from time to time.

　　(2)out of：表示與"into"相反的語意。

　　He will be out of town.

　　I stepped out of the dark room.

　　out of+ 名詞 (= lack, to be without 用完，用光)

　　He went to the shop because he was out of paper.

　　out of date (= old-fashioned 過時(shí)的)

　　The book has been out of date.

　　out of work (= jobless 失業(yè)的)

　　He needs money because be is out of work.

　　out of the question (= impossible 不可能的)

　　Finishing the hard work is out of the question.

　　out of question (= doubtless 毫無疑問的)

　　That he can do it well is out of question.

　　out of order(= not functioning 失靈的)

　　Her radio is out of order, so she can't listen to it.

　　(3)by：表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近。

　　He passed by me without saying hello.

　　He lives by the sea.

　　經(jīng)典用法：

　　● 通過→This is the nearest road by which they came.

　　● 在……時(shí)候→The young man works by day and steals money by night.

　　● 由……所生→He has two sons by her second wife.

　　● 抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood.

　　● 按……計(jì)算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound.

　　● 就(氣質(zhì)，特征)而言→He is an artist by temperament(氣質(zhì)).

　　用于被動(dòng)語意，導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者：

　　The glass was broken by the boy.

　　by + 具體時(shí)間：

　　They usually have dinner by 8 o'clock.

　　by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...)：

　　He travelled to Paris by air/plane.

　　by the end of + 時(shí)間名詞：到……末為止

　　By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts.

　　By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.

　　by then：到那時(shí)

　　He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.

　　by way of (= via)：經(jīng)由，取道

　　They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong.

　　by the way：順便問

　　By the way, do you know where Mr. Li has gone?

　　by far：……得多(用于修飾比較級(jí)和*高級(jí))

　　The book is by far the best on the subject.

　　by accident：不小心，與on purpose(故意地)語意相反

　　The wrong information was put into the computer by accident.

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