英語介詞中from的用法：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向；by：表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近，eg.?This is the nearest road by which they came等。

一、含義

介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞,?詞與句之間的關(guān)系的詞。在句中不能單獨(dú)作句字成分。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組，在句中作狀語，表語，補(bǔ)語或介詞賓語。

二、分類

1.常用簡單介詞：

　　about, across, against, among, after, at, behind, besides, beyond, by, concerning, beneath, between, despite, except, during, down, for, from, past, than, under, until 等。

2.合成介詞：

　　inside, outside, onto, out of, within 等。

3.短語介詞：

　　according to, ahead of, along with, as for, because of, be means of, due to, in spite of, on behalf of, owing to, with regard to 等。

三、介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系

在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，一遇到“……的”，大家就會(huì)立刻想到’s 所有格或者of。實(shí)際上，在很多情況下，“……的”必須借助于介詞才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。

　　● 美國的冬天→ the winter in America

　　● 停車場(chǎng)的入口→ the entrance to the parking lot

　　● 穿過森林的小路→ the path through the forest

　　● 魯迅的著作→ the works by Lu Xun

　　● 水中的月亮→ the moon reflected in water

　　● 歷史的見證→ the witness to history

　　● 對(duì)愛的渴望→ a longing for love

　　● 對(duì)我們不利的證據(jù)→ the evidence against us

　　● 陽光下的漫步→ a walk in the sunlight

　　● 追求名譽(yù)的女人→ a lady after fame

　　● 兩人之間的爭論→ an argument between the two persons

四、重要介詞的重要用法

　　(1)from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向。

　　He came from London.

　　He went to London.

　　二詞常搭配使用“from... to...”

　　We studied English from morning to afternoon.

　　He'll start from Beijing to Shanghai.

　　經(jīng)典用法：

　　● 由于→ The girl is trembling from fear.

　　● 免除→ Tramps are always free from care. 流浪漢們總是無憂無慮。

　　● 分開→ The couple parted from each other at the airport.

　　● 由……制成→ The red wine is made from grapes. 紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。

　　由from引導(dǎo)的慣用法：

　　from far 從遠(yuǎn)處

　　from now / then on 從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起

　　from bad to worse 每況愈下

　　from time to time(occasionally 時(shí)而)

　　習(xí)語：

　　She comes to visit me from time to time.

　　(2)out of：表示與"into"相反的語意。

　　He will be out of town.

　　I stepped out of the dark room.

　　out of+ 名詞 (= lack, to be without 用完，用光)

　　He went to the shop because he was out of paper.

　　out of date (= old-fashioned 過時(shí)的)

　　The book has been out of date.

　　out of work (= jobless 失業(yè)的)

　　He needs money because be is out of work.

　　out of the question (= impossible 不可能的)

　　Finishing the hard work is out of the question.

　　out of question (= doubtless 毫無疑問的)

　　That he can do it well is out of question.

　　out of order(= not functioning 失靈的)

　　Her radio is out of order, so she can't listen to it.

　　(3)by：表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近。

　　He passed by me without saying hello.

　　He lives by the sea.

　　經(jīng)典用法：

　　● 通過→This is the nearest road by which they came.

　　● 在……時(shí)候→The young man works by day and steals money by night.

　　● 由……所生→He has two sons by her second wife.

　　● 抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood.

　　● 按……計(jì)算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound.

　　● 就(氣質(zhì)，特征)而言→He is an artist by temperament(氣質(zhì)).

　　用于被動(dòng)語意，導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者：

　　The glass was broken by the boy.

　　by + 具體時(shí)間：

　　They usually have dinner by 8 o'clock.

　　by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...)：

　　He travelled to Paris by air/plane.

　　by the end of + 時(shí)間名詞：到……末為止

　　By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts.

　　By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.

　　by then：到那時(shí)

　　He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.

　　by way of (= via)：經(jīng)由，取道

　　They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong.

　　by the way：順便問

　　By the way, do you know where Mr. Li has gone?

　　by far：……得多(用于修飾比較級(jí)和*高級(jí))

　　The book is by far the best on the subject.

　　by accident：不小心，與on purpose(故意地)語意相反

　　The wrong information was put into the computer by accident.

a.In用于室內(nèi)或室外的場(chǎng)所。

in a room / in a building

在房間/大樓里

in a garden / in a park

在花園/公園里

I have two TVs in my house.

我房子里有兩個(gè)電視。

They live in that building over there.

他們住在那棟樓里。

?

與水域進(jìn)行搭配

in the water

在水里

in the sea

在海里

in a river

在河里

I like swimming in lakes when the weather is hot.

我喜歡天氣熱時(shí)在湖里游泳。

You can catch fish in the river.

你可以在湖里捉魚。

?

和行、隊(duì)伍等進(jìn)行搭配

in a row / in a line

一行

in a queue

一隊(duì)

Let's stand in line and get a ticket to the concert.

站成一行，買票去聽音樂會(huì)。

We had to wait in a queue to get into the bank.

我們只得站成一隊(duì)等著進(jìn)入公園。

?

d. in與城市、縣、州、地區(qū)和國家搭配

Peter lives in Chicago.

皮特住在芝加哥。

Helen is in France this month. Next month she'll be in Germany.

海倫這個(gè)月在法國。下個(gè)月她就在德國了。

?

2.At

與具體的地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行搭配

at the bus-stop

在公交車站

at the door

在門邊

at the cinema

在電影院

at the end of the street

在街的盡頭

I'll meet you at the movie theater at six o'clock.

我六點(diǎn)在電影院見你。

He lives in the house at the end of the street.

他住在街尾那間房子里。

?

b. at與頁面位置進(jìn)行搭配

The name of the chapter is at the top of the page.

本章名字在書頁上端。

The page number can be found at the bottom of the page.

書頁底部可以看到頁碼。

?

c. at與一群人進(jìn)行搭配

at the back of the class

在教室后排

at the front of the class

在教室前排

Tim sits at the back of the class.

蒂姆坐在教室后排。

Please come and sit down at the front of the class.

請(qǐng)過來，坐在教室前排。

3.On

與物體表面進(jìn)行搭配

on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor

天花板/墻/地板上

on the table

桌子上

I put the magazine on the table.

我把雜志放在桌子上。

That's a beautiful painting on the wall.

墻上的畫很漂亮。

?

b. on與小島進(jìn)行搭配

I stayed on Maui last year. It was great!

去年我去了毛伊島。那兒真是太棒了！

We visited friends who live on an island in the Bahamas.

我們拜訪了住在巴哈馬群島的朋友們。

?

c. on與方向進(jìn)行搭配

on the left

左邊

on the right

右邊

straight on

往前直走

Take the first street on the left and continue to the end of the road.

在第一條街左轉(zhuǎn)，然后繼續(xù)走到路的盡頭。

Drive straight on until you come to a gate.

一直往前開，知道看見一扇門。

?

重要建議

1.In / at / on the corner

在角落

我們會(huì)說in the corner of a room，at the corner （或on the corner）of a street。

I put the chair in the corner of the bedroom of the house on the corner of 52nd Street.

我把椅子放在52號(hào)街房子的臥室角落處。

I live at the corner of 2nd Avenue.

我住在二號(hào)大街的拐角處。

2.In / at / on the front

在前面

我們會(huì)說in the front / in the back of a car（車子前方/后方）

I get to sit in the front Dad!

我要坐在爸爸前面！

You can lay down and sleep in the back of the car.

你可以躺下來，在車后面睡一下。

我們會(huì)說at the front / at the back of buildings / groups of people（在建筑物/一群人前面/后面）

The entrance door is at the front of the building.

入口在建筑物前方。

我們會(huì)說on the front / on the back of a piece of paper（紙張正面/背面）

Write your name on the front of the paper.

把你的名字寫在紙張正面。

You'll find the grade on the back of the page.

你會(huì)在紙張背面看到分?jǐn)?shù)。

?

4.Into

使用into來表示從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方的移動(dòng)。

I drove into the garage and parked the car.

我把車開進(jìn)車庫，并停好。

Peter walked into the living room and turned on the TV.

皮特走進(jìn)臥室，打開電視。

?

5.Onto

使用onto來表示某人將某物放在物體表面。

He put the magazines onto the table.

他把雜志放在桌子上。

Alice put the plates onto the shelf in the cupboard.

愛麗絲把碗放在碗柜的架子上。

?

6.Out of

當(dāng)表示將某物拉出來或者離開房間時(shí)，可以使用out of。

I took the clothes out of the washer.

我把衣服從洗衣機(jī)里拿出來。

He drove out of the garage.

他把車從車庫開出來。

?

練習(xí)題

做練習(xí)，檢測(cè)自己的掌握水平。然后核對(duì)下面的答案。

1. My friend now lives _____ Arizona.

（我的朋友住在亞利桑那州。）

2. Go down the street and take the first street _____ the right.

（沿著這條街走，在第一條街向右轉(zhuǎn)。）

3. That's a beautiful pictures _____ the wall.

（墻上的畫很漂亮。）

4. My friend lives _____ the island of Sardinia.

（我朋友住在撒丁區(qū)的一個(gè)島上。）

5. He's the man _____ the front the room.

（他就是站在房間前面的那個(gè)人。）

6. He drove the car _____ the garage.

（他把車開進(jìn)車庫。）

7. I'll meet you _____ the shopping mall.

（我在購物中心見你。）

8. I like to sit _____ the back of the room.

（我想坐在房間后排。）

9. Tom went swimming _____ the lake.

（湯姆在湖里游泳。）

10. Let's stand _____ the line to see the movie.

（站成一排去看電影。）

答案

1. in

2. on

3. on

4. on

5. at

6. into / out of

7. at

8. in

9. in

10. in