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一、

獨(dú)處的確是一種檢驗(yàn)，用它可以測出一個(gè)人靈魂的深度，測出一個(gè)人對自己真正的感受，他是否討厭自己。對于每一個(gè)人來說，不討厭自己是一個(gè)起碼要求。（翻譯）【一個(gè)連自己也不愛的人，我敢斷定他對于別人也是不會(huì)有多少價(jià)值的，他不可能有高質(zhì)量的社會(huì)交往。他跑到別人那里去，對于別人只是一種打擾，一種侵犯。一切交往的質(zhì)量都取決于交往者本身的質(zhì)量。唯有在兩個(gè)靈魂充實(shí)豐富的人之間，才可能有真正動(dòng)人的愛情和友誼?！课腋覔?dān)保歷史上和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中找不到一個(gè)例子，能夠駁倒我的這個(gè)論斷，證明某一個(gè)淺薄之輩竟也會(huì)有此種美好的經(jīng)歷。（注：只需翻譯括號部分）

【參考譯文】

A man who does not love himself, I can tell, will be of little significance to others, and in no way will he develop high-quality social interactions. His going to others only means an intrusion and an assault. The quality of all relationships depends on the quality of the persons involved. Only between two people who have fulfilling souls can truly touching love and friendship have much chance to exist.

【難點(diǎn)注釋】

1. 畫線部分第一句比較長，句子主語是“一個(gè)連自己也不愛的人”，謂語是兩個(gè)并列成分“不會(huì)有多少價(jià)值”和“不可能有高質(zhì)量的社會(huì)交往”，“我敢斷定”譯為插入語。主語可以翻譯為定語從句“A man who does not love himself”；“我敢斷定”可以翻譯為I can tell、I bet、I do not doubt或I am sure；“不會(huì)有多少價(jià)值”翻譯為worthless、be worth little、not worth much或have little value；“高質(zhì)量的”可以翻譯為high-quality，作前置定語修飾“社會(huì)交往”，也可以把“高質(zhì)量的”翻譯為后置定語修飾“社會(huì)交往”，即social interactions of high quality。

2. 畫線部分第二句是一個(gè)簡單句，主語是“他跑到別人那里去”這一行為，因此可以翻譯為動(dòng)名詞作主語，即his going to others。本句的翻譯難點(diǎn)是“打擾”和“侵犯”，“打擾”可以翻譯為intrusion或interruption，“侵犯”可以翻譯為assault或invasion。

3. 畫線部分第三句也是一個(gè)簡單句?！敖煌贝颂幹浮叭穗H關(guān)系”，可譯為relationships；“取決于”有多種譯法，如depend on、lie in、hinge on和be up to。

4. 畫線部分最后一句，根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)“唯有……才……”可知，本句宜翻譯為倒裝句，將“only+介詞短語”置于句首，主句采用部分倒裝?！皟蓚€(gè)靈魂充實(shí)豐富的人”可以翻譯為定語從句two people who have fulfilling souls或“名詞+介詞短語”結(jié)構(gòu)two people with fulfilling souls；“才可能有……”中的“有”可以翻譯為there be結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以翻譯為exist，整體翻譯為“can…h(huán)ave chance to exist”或“can there be…”；“真正動(dòng)人的愛情和友誼”翻譯為truly touching love and friendship。

二、

人生是什么?人生的真相如何?人生的意義何在?人生的目的是何?這些人生最重大最中心的問題，不只是古來一切大宗教家哲學(xué)家所殫精竭慮以求解答的。世界上第一流的大詩人凝神冥想，深入靈魂的幽邃，或縱身大化中，于一朵花中窺見天國，一滴露水參悟生命，然后用他們生花之筆，幻現(xiàn)層層世界，幕幕人生，歸根也不外乎啟示這生命的真相與意義。

【參考譯文】

What is life? What are the true nature, meaning and purpose of life? Since ancient times, scholars of religion and great philosophers have strained their energy and intellect to the limit for an answer to these crucial and central questions in life. But they are not alone. The best poets in the world have done the same by contemplating and pondering over the questions, delving into the depth of their souls. They envision Paradise through a flower and the meaning of life in a dewdrop. They, with their gifted words, picture a kaleidoscopic world and acts of the life drama. In the final analysis, their words serve no other purpose than revealing the truth and meaning of life.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. ?本文開頭連用四個(gè)連續(xù)的排比疑問句，其中后三句分別問人生的真相，意義和目的，翻譯時(shí)可將這三個(gè)方面合譯，這樣譯文更簡潔流暢。

2. “殫精竭慮”意為“用心精力，費(fèi)勁心思”，可譯作“strain energy and intellect to the limit。

3. “深入靈魂的幽邃”指“深入靈魂深處”。

4. “窺見”和“參悟”都有“想象”的意思。

5. “生花之筆”實(shí)質(zhì)使人筆下的文字。

6. “幻現(xiàn)層層”指“不斷變化的”。

三、

一百多年來，漢語經(jīng)歷了重大的變革，沒有哪一種語言像它這樣成為人們在追逐現(xiàn)代化過程中不斷修葺的對象。而自19世紀(jì)以來至今，翻譯一直都是或者說越來越成為人們修葺漢語的一種重要途徑。其中，通過由外語到漢語的翻譯產(chǎn)生的“翻譯腔”表達(dá)方式對漢語的沖擊尤其顯著。翻譯腔是”表達(dá)不流暢、不地道的翻譯文體，”在很多方面已影響到了漢語的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。

【參考譯文】

In the recent one hundred years, Chinese has gone through a great change and so far no other language has been innovated in people’s pursuit of modernization. Since the end of the 19th century, translation has always been or played an increasingly important role in innovating Chinese. Some special means of expressions, so called “translationese”, produced during the process of translating foreign language into Chinese, have remarkable impact on standard Chinese language. Tanslationese refers to an unnatural and unidiomatic language style in translation and has affected the development of Chinese language in many aspects.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. ?第一句話敘述了漢語經(jīng)歷了發(fā)展變革，建議采用完成時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，如譯為：Chinese has gone through a great change....。文章中多次提到“漢語”，可用Chinese 或 Chinese language 表達(dá)，避免重復(fù)。

2. “修葺”在這里是指“改革和創(chuàng)新”。

3. 第三句“翻譯腔”的問題，該問題是在翻譯過程中產(chǎn)生的，可對“翻譯腔”做一定的解釋，如處理為“some special means of expressions”， 譯文表達(dá)更清晰。翻譯整句話時(shí)，可將“翻譯腔”提前做主語，“通過由外語到漢語的翻譯產(chǎn)生的”處理為后置定語?！皼_擊”可用 have an impact on 表達(dá)。

四、

回信，固然可畏，不回信，也絕非什么樂事。書架上經(jīng)常疊著百多封未回之信，“債齡”或長或短，長的甚至在一年以上，那樣的壓力，也絕非一個(gè)普通的罪徒所能負(fù)擔(dān)的。一疊未回的信，就像一群不散的陰魂，在我罪深孽重的心底憧憧作祟。理論上說來，這些信當(dāng)然是要回的。我可以坦然向天發(fā)誓，在我清醒的時(shí)刻，我絕未存心不回人信。

【參考譯文】

Replying to letters is horrible, whereas not replying is by no means a matter of bliss. Normally a hundred or so letters are stacked on my bookshelf, with diverse maturity of debt, the longest being over a year. That kind of pressure is more than an ordinary sinner can bear. A stack of unanswered letters batters on me like a group of haunting ghosts and plays havoc with my smitten conscience. In principle, the letters are there for replaying to. I can swear in all honestly that I have never consciously determined not to answer letters.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. ?第一句“回信，固然可畏，不回信，也絕非什么樂事”，此句要正確理解“可畏”的意思，不是“敬畏”，而是“害怕”的意思。此外，“回信”與“不回信”兩件事之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故翻譯時(shí)可用whereas 將兩句連接起來。

2. “債齡”可翻譯成“maturity of debt”。

3. “憧憧作祟”是指對“我”心靈的“打擾”和“擾亂”，可以翻譯成“pester”或“play havoc with”。

4. “理論上來說”在文中不表示一些科學(xué)理論，因此不宜翻譯成“theoretically”或“in theory”，此處可以翻譯成“原則上”或“慣例上”，故可翻譯in principle.

5. “在我清醒的時(shí)刻”可以翻譯成時(shí)間狀語，但會(huì)使得句子比較累贅，可直接翻譯成“ consciously”。

五、

唐代文豪白居易在西湖筑起白堤（Bai Causeway)，西湖自從開啟長約千年的景觀營造過程。北宋蘇軾的疏浚工程規(guī)模也很大，不僅修筑了蘇堤，還留下了許多美妙詩篇，這也是日后西湖作為文人士大夫精神家園的源頭。年復(fù)一年，代復(fù)一代，西湖經(jīng)他們的妙筆點(diǎn)畫后，真正成為與自然雙重景觀并存的文化名湖。有人把西湖解析成一個(gè)“正方體”，它有6個(gè)清晰的平面，其中就包括自然景觀和文化史跡。

【參考譯文】

The long process of constructing the landscape of West Lake, which lasts more or less one thousand years, begins with Bai Juyi, a literary giant in the Tang Dynasty who built Bai Causeway in the lake. Later in the Northern Song Dynasty, the dredging project by the famous poet Su shi also had a great scale. The poet not only built Su Causeway, but also left many wonderful poems for the West Lake, which turned out to be the very explanation why West Lake later became the spiritual homeland for scholars and scholar-bureaucrats. Years after years, generation after generation, after the stippling by all those wonderful pens, West Lake now has truly become a famous lake with the coexistence of cultural and natural landscapes. West Lake is illustrated as a “cube” with six clear facets, among which are natural landscape and cultural historical relics.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. 第一句以“白居易筑白堤”作起始引發(fā)事件，比較符合中國人的時(shí)間順序的思維習(xí)慣，但在翻譯時(shí)則應(yīng)注意找到本段落所討論的中心——西湖的建造，把它放在首句更符合英文文章開門見山的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。為達(dá)到以上的目的，可使定語從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)西湖建造之長，（如 which lasts... one thousand years）以及西湖白堤始建者白居易的重要身份（如 a literary giant... who built Bai Causeway in the lake)。“文豪”這個(gè)詞也可以譯作great writer, eminent writer 等。

2. 第二句的時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)移到北宋，句子較長，其實(shí)在概念上主語有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是蘇軾的工程，另一個(gè)是蘇軾本人，建議采用分譯的方法，將該句譯成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，以解釋說明兩個(gè)主語的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)。在解釋說明蘇軾的工程時(shí)，可將譯文重心放在“疏浚工程”，將dredging project 作為主語，其特點(diǎn)是“規(guī)模大”，可譯作“had a large scale”。

3. 第二句對蘇軾本人的說明中，“不僅建筑了蘇堤，還留下了許多美妙詩篇”動(dòng)作的主語是人，而非“工程”，所以分譯時(shí)應(yīng)補(bǔ)上主語the poet。另外后半句“日后西湖作為文人士大夫精神家園的源頭”所指的是蘇軾縮寫的詩篇，而此處的“源頭”較接近于“原因，理由”，可使用explanation進(jìn)行翻譯?！熬窦覉@”可直譯為spiritual homeland，文人士大夫可翻譯成“scholars and scholar- bureaucrats”。

4. 在翻譯“妙筆點(diǎn)畫”時(shí)，可以原文的動(dòng)詞屬性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~屬性，如“stippling of wonderful pen”。作定語的“文化與自然雙重景觀并存的”可用with 介詞短語作為修飾語后置。

5. “解析”一詞實(shí)為“解釋說明”，可用“illustrate”進(jìn)行翻譯。6個(gè)面中包含有兩個(gè)方面，可以用非限制性定語從句譯出。

六、

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的獨(dú)立人格并不是反政府，反體制，對什么都一批到底，以“語不驚人死不休”來浪得虛名。獨(dú)立人格應(yīng)該是“不唯書，不惟上、只惟實(shí)”。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不應(yīng)該為利益所誘惑，為風(fēng)氣所左右，應(yīng)該以自己的專業(yè)眼光去觀察、判斷、思考、發(fā)言。不是以權(quán)勢為導(dǎo)向，而是以自己的思想為依據(jù)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)所講的意見可能對，也可能錯(cuò)，但無論對錯(cuò)都應(yīng)該是自己真實(shí)的思想，不能看風(fēng)使舵，見人說人話，見鬼說鬼話。

【參考譯文】

Economists’ independent personality does not mean anti-government or anti-institution. Nor does it mean that they should hold a critical eye for everything or attempt to win fame by striking and sensational talking. Independent personality shall be defined as “no confinement to books, no scare of authority but pursuit of truth”. Economists should not be tempted and controlled by profits or surrounding atmosphere, rather they should observe, judge, think and speak from the perspective of their specialties. They should base everything on their own thinking and not to be authority-oriented. They can be right or wrong, but their opinions should be their own thinking. They should not say things differently to cater for different people.

【難點(diǎn)分析】?

1. ?“一批到底”是指“對什么事情都持批判的態(tài)度”，可翻譯成hold a critical eye for everything。

2. “語不驚人死不休”可和“浪得虛名”合譯，其中“死不休”為夸張手法，可省去不翻譯，故翻譯為“win fame by striking and sensational talking”。

3. “不唯書，不惟上、只惟實(shí)”的意思是“不要受限于書本內(nèi)容，不要對上級權(quán)威畏懼，只追求事實(shí)和真理”，可翻譯成“no confinement to books, no scare of authority but pursuit of truth.

4. “左右”是指“受控制”，可翻譯成“control”。

5. “以權(quán)勢為導(dǎo)向”可譯為“authority-oriented”。

6. “看風(fēng)使舵”、“見人說人話，見鬼說鬼話”可以解為“為迎合不用的人說不同的話”，合譯成“say things differently to cater for different people”。

七、

上海是一方水土，上海又豈止是一方水土？上海是一個(gè)超級大城市，出租車從浦東機(jī)場開到虹橋機(jī)場，或者從嘉定F1賽場開到東海大橋橋角下的南匯蘆潮港，車費(fèi)就要兩三百元，在外地至少橫跨兩個(gè)城市，口音都會(huì)相差很多，全國就沒有一個(gè)城市會(huì)像上海一個(gè)城市之內(nèi)口音變化這般大，這是上海的一方土。但是真正構(gòu)成上海人文結(jié)構(gòu)此起彼伏，千姿萬態(tài)的，是上海的水。

【參考譯文】

Shanghai is a region, but it is far more than that. Shanghai is a mega city where you have to pay fare of two or three hundred Yuan if you take a city from Pudong airport to Hongqiao airport, or from Jiading F1 stadium to Nanhui Luchao port at the foot of Gonghai Bridge. You would have traveled across two cities of you were in other places and accents here are of great difference. In China, there actually will be no city like Shanghai in which accents vary so widely. This is about Shanghai’s soil. But it is Shanghai’s water that composes Shanghai’s rising and subsiding humanistic structure with various types and forms.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. ?第一句中的“水土”可以理解為 a region，“上海又豈止是一方水土？”是一個(gè)設(shè)問句，表達(dá)的意思是“上海不僅僅是一方水土”，可用far more than ... 的句式表示。

2. “超級大城市”可以翻譯為“super big city”，“megalopolis”, 或者“mega city”。

3. “出租車從……開到……，或者從……開到……，車費(fèi)就要二三百”，可接上句“上海是一個(gè)大城市”處理為一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語從句，以整合中文的零散句子。這句話是假設(shè)人們打車會(huì)產(chǎn)生很高的費(fèi)用，可加you 為人稱主語，增譯處理為“ if you take a taxi from... to...”，以使得譯文更加流暢。

4. “全國沒有一個(gè)城市會(huì)像……口音變化這般大”中，此處的“變化”指“差別很大”，可譯為“vary wifely”。

5. “上海的水”可采用“it is that...”強(qiáng)調(diào)句式進(jìn)行翻譯。該句中出現(xiàn)了中文中較為常見的四字成語，翻譯時(shí)要注意拆分整合，可將“此起彼伏”作為“上海人文結(jié)構(gòu)”的定語，“千姿百態(tài)”可以用“ with various types and forms”的介詞短語做修飾語后置，避免譯文定語過長，句子冗長。

八、

我愛海，并不僅僅因?yàn)樗念伾利?，和藏在海底那許多有趣的玩意兒，而是愛她的胸襟廣闊，化污穢為清潔。她容納無數(shù)的細(xì)流，盡管她們的顏色有黑的也有黃的，一旦流到了海的懷抱，立刻變成碧綠的了， 綠是代表和平，一種靜美。一個(gè)人，哪怕他的脾氣有如虎狼般那么兇暴，我相信如果長住在海濱，一定會(huì)變得和羔羊一樣馴良。同時(shí)，那些心懷狹隘的人，如果常與海做朋友，我相信他也會(huì)改變成豪爽、痛快的性格。

【參考譯文】

I love the sea not only because she has beautiful hues and many interesting objects hidden deep, but also because she is broad and liberal enough to turn the dirty into pure. The numerous small rivers that she accommodates(容納） may be black and yellow in color, but once they flow into her bosom, they instantly take on the green color, a color representing peace and tranquility. A person with a terrifying hot temper will become, I believe, as meek as lamb after a long stay by the seashore. Likewise, a narrow-minded person will become straightforward and openhearted if he often keeps company with the sea.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. ?需要翻譯地第一句中“玩意兒”在表達(dá)上較為口語化，此處實(shí)指“事物”，不宜按字面意思譯作“plaything”，應(yīng)該作 “objects”。

2. “胸襟廣闊，化污穢為清潔”，若分別翻譯成兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組，結(jié)構(gòu)顯得較為生硬，結(jié)合上下文可知，正是因?yàn)榇蠛５亍靶亟髲V闊”才使得其“化污穢為清潔”，故譯作“broad and liberal enough to turn the dirty into the pure”。

3. 第二句“容納”此處含有“接受和適應(yīng)”的意思，故不譯作accept， 而應(yīng)該譯作“accommodate”?！氨M管她們的顏色”中的“她們”代指前文的“細(xì)流”，故可以合譯為一句，將前文“她容納的”整合成定語從句。

4. “脾氣有如虎狼般那么兇暴“形容一個(gè)人的脾氣差，譯作“a terrifying hot temper”即可，由于中英文在文化意向上的差異，“如虎狼般”可以不必譯出?！昂透嵫蛞粯玉Z良”在英文中同樣有類似的俗語。直接翻譯成“as meek as a lamb”即可（Meek 是形容詞，指溫順的）。

5. “痛快的”是指“直率的”、“坦誠的”，和“心胸狹隘”相反，應(yīng)應(yīng)為“心胸開闊的”，即openhearted。

十、

一個(gè)合理編列的課程表，猶如一個(gè)營養(yǎng)均衡的食譜，里面各個(gè)項(xiàng)目都是有益而必需的，不可偏廢，不可再有選擇，所謂選修科目也只是在某一項(xiàng)范圍內(nèi)略有揀選余地而已。一個(gè)受過良好教育的人，猶如一個(gè)科班出身的戲劇演員，在學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候要服從嚴(yán)格的紀(jì)律，唱工做工都要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)，各種角色的戲都要完全諳通，學(xué)成之后才能各按其趣味而單獨(dú)發(fā)展其所長。學(xué)問要有根底，根底要打得平整堅(jiān)實(shí)，以后永遠(yuǎn)受用。

【參考譯文】

A curriculum schedule arranged reasonably is as good as a nutrition-balanced recipe in which every item is beneficial, indispensable and best chosen and cannot be neglected. The so-called elective subjects are only some limited options within a certain range. A well educated person is much like an opera performer by professional training who has to observe strict disciplines in studying the art of singing, acting and acrobatic skills earnestly and learn to play all kinds of roles well. Only after this all-round training can be develop the things he is specially good at and interested in. Studying needs foundation which, if solid and evenly, will benefit you all life long.?

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. ?“合理編列”是指“合理安排”，譯成arranged reasonably。

2. “不可再有選擇”從正面譯成no more option 很難與前文銜接，形成合適的句式，則可從反面譯成“最佳選擇” best chosen，與前文beneficial 和 indispensable 形成并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

3. “科班出身”可理解為“受過正規(guī)培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練的”， 故“科班出身的戲劇演員”應(yīng)譯成 an opera performer by professional training.

4. “唱工做工”此處是針對戲劇演員的“唱”、“演”、“跳”等舞臺技巧，可譯為 art of singing, acting and acrobatic skills.

5. “永遠(yuǎn)受用”，即“終生受用”，譯為benefit all life long 即可。

十一、

我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔人，嗜煙好酒，脾氣暴躁。但他十分欣賞亞裔學(xué)生勤奮與扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識，也特別了解亞裔學(xué)生的心理。因此，在他實(shí)驗(yàn)室所招的學(xué)生中，除有一名來自德國外，其余5位均是亞裔學(xué)生。他干脆在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的門上貼一醒目招牌：“本室助研必須每周工作7天，早10時(shí)至晚12時(shí)，工作時(shí)間必須全力以赴?！边@位導(dǎo)師的嚴(yán)格及苛刻是全校又名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只剩下5人。

【參考譯文】

My tutor, who is of Asian origin, is addicted to cigarettes and alcohol and is hot-tempered. Despite this, he is highly appreciative of the diligence and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students, and is particularly good at reading their minds. As a result, five out of the six students in his lab were of Asian origin, while only the sixth one was from Germany. On the door of the laboratory, he even put up a notice in bold writing, which read:” all research assistants in this lab are required to work between 10 am and 12 pm, 7 days a week, with all their heart and soul.” this tutor has got a reputation in the university for his strictness and rigor. During my three and half years’ stay there, only 5 out of the 14 students recruited into his lab were able to graduate with their doctoral degrees.

【難點(diǎn)分析】

1. 第一句要注意用定語從句把漢語從句把漢語原文松散的短句和詞組組織為譯文的定語成分，以符合英語結(jié)構(gòu)緊密的句法特征。可以使用……， who is ..., is....

2. 亞裔可以翻譯成“be of Asian origin” 或“Asian”

3. 第二句要注意連接詞”但”和“也”的譯法，可分別譯為 despite.../ but.../ nevertheless 等和and / also/... too等。

4. “了解……的心理“可以表達(dá)為read sb’s minds。

5. “因此”可以翻譯為as a result/ hence/ therefore.

6. “除……，其余是……“不宜翻譯成besides.. 等表示包含在內(nèi)的詞組，用except for 等表示”不包含在內(nèi)”的詞組比較合適，也可采用參考譯文處的處理方法。

7. 第四句中，使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)... be required to.. 可加強(qiáng)語氣，表示“必須”?？紤]到英語正好與漢語相反，有“從小到大，先部分后整體”的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，可將譯文中的時(shí)間順序處理為...work between 10am and 12pm, 7 days a week。

8. “醒目的招牌”宜意譯，靈活處理為eye-catching（搶眼的）或in bold writing（用黑體字寫的）。

9. “某人以某物出名“的適用句型有sb is famous/ reputed for sth.

10. “學(xué)生被招進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室”可處理為英語的名詞詞組 students recruited into his lab.

11. 14位學(xué)生……只剩下5個(gè)人可以表達(dá)成 only 5 out of the 14 students...。

十二、

世界上第一代博物館屬于自然博物館，它是通過化石、標(biāo)本等向人們介紹地球和各種生物的演化歷史。第二代屬于工業(yè)技術(shù)博物館，它所展示的是工業(yè)文明帶來的各種階段性結(jié)果。這兩代博物館雖然起到了傳播科學(xué)知識的作用，但是，它們把參觀者當(dāng)成了被動(dòng)的旁觀者。
　
世界上第三代博物館是充滿全新理念的博物館。在這里，觀眾可以自己去動(dòng)手操作，自己細(xì)心體察。這樣，他們可以更貼近先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，去探索科學(xué)技術(shù)的奧妙。

【參考譯文】

The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate/propagate/spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers.

The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries.

十三、

比“文明”這個(gè)詞還用得更不確切、更加無拘無束的詞簡直寥寥無幾。文明是什么意思?它意指一個(gè)建立在平民百姓輿論基礎(chǔ)上的社會(huì)。它意味著暴力、武士和暴君的統(tǒng)治、戰(zhàn)爭沖突、暴動(dòng)暴政為立法議會(huì)所取代，被法律得以長期維護(hù)的獨(dú)立法庭所代替。這就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒適和文化不斷發(fā)展壯大。如果文明在任何一個(gè)國家里占了支配地位，那么便可給人民群眾提供一種更加寬松的較為平靜的生活，過去的傳統(tǒng)則受人珍重，英明偉人或勇士們留給我們的遺產(chǎn)則成為咱們大家共同享用的豐富的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

【參考譯文】

There are few words which are used more loosely than the word ‘civilization’. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization ---and in its soil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people, the traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.

十四、

只有在我過度勞累的時(shí)候，在我長時(shí)間不間斷地工作的時(shí)候，在我感到內(nèi)心空虛，需要充實(shí)的時(shí)候，我才會(huì)感到寂寞。有時(shí)，外出演講回來，見了許多人,講了許多話，心中滿是紛亂的體驗(yàn)需要整理，偶爾也會(huì)覺得孤獨(dú)。
?
于是有那么一會(huì)兒，我會(huì)感到整個(gè)房子非常大，空蕩蕩的。不知此時(shí)的自我又藏匿于何處。這時(shí)，我會(huì)給花草澆澆水，挨個(gè)瞅瞅，仿佛它們是活生生的人一樣，或是喂喂兩只小貓，親手做頓飯菜，這樣自我就慢慢地重新找回。

【參考譯文】

I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.
?
Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants, perhaps, and looking again at each one as though it were a person, by feeding the two cats, by cooking a meal. So that the self slowly recovered.

十五、

照相是一種既兼并客觀世界，又表達(dá)獨(dú)特自我的技術(shù)。照片描繪業(yè)已存在的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)，不過只有造相機(jī)才能揭示這種客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。照片反映個(gè)別攝影者的氣質(zhì)，這種氣質(zhì)是通過照相機(jī)剪裁現(xiàn)實(shí)而顯示出來的。那就是說，攝影術(shù)有兩個(gè)相互對立的觀念：第一，攝影術(shù)是反映世界的，攝影者只不過是無足輕重的觀察者; 第二，攝影術(shù)是無畏探索的主觀性的手段，攝影者決定一切。

【參考譯文】

Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.

十六、

在這充滿聯(lián)姻婚嫁、決戰(zhàn)廝殺的世界里，每天特定時(shí)刻，我們都欣然而又迅速地把一份食物一去不返地吞入包裹我們的皮囊。這個(gè)世界看上去似乎有很多東西都是可以得到的。猛然看來，盡可能地獲取也成為紛繁人生的唯一目標(biāo)。然而，對于精神世界來說，這只不過是表面現(xiàn)象。

【參考譯文】

It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and despatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. And it would seem also, on a hasty view, that the attainment of as much as possible was the one goal of man s contentious life. And yet, as regards the spirit, this is but a semblance.

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