5. What type of radiation exposure could occur in a nuclear power plant accident?
核電廠事故發(fā)生后，會產(chǎn)生哪種輻射？

If a nuclear power plant does not function properly, radioactivity may be released into the surrounding area by a mixture of products generated inside the reactor ("nuclear fission products"). The main radionuclides representing health risk are radioactive caesium and radioactive iodine. Members of the public may be exposed directly to such radionuclides in the suspended air or if food and drink are contaminated by such materials.
如果一家核電廠不正常運轉(zhuǎn)，那么放射線/輻射就有可能被釋放到周圍地區(qū)，最大量可達(dá)到反應(yīng)堆（核裂變產(chǎn)物）內(nèi)部生成的所有量。意味著健康威脅的主要的放射性核素包括放射性銫和放射性碘。公眾可能直接曝光在這類懸浮在空中的放射性核素下，食物和水也有可能被這類物質(zhì)污染。

Rescuers, first responders and nuclear power plant (NPP) workers may be exposed to higher radiation doses due to their professional activities and direct exposure to radioactive materials inside the power plant.
救難人員、應(yīng)急部門人員和核電廠工人由于他們的職業(yè)行為和直接暴露在核電廠內(nèi)部放射性物質(zhì)之下，他們很有可能受到更高度的輻射。

6. What are the acute health effects of radiation exposure?
輻射會產(chǎn)生哪些急性健康問題？

If the dose of radiation exceeds a certain threshold level, then it can produce acute effects, such as skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, and acute radiation syndrome (ARS1).
如果輻射劑量超過一定的閾值水平，那么它可以產(chǎn)生，如皮膚發(fā)紅，脫發(fā)，輻射燒傷和和急性輻射綜合癥（ARS1）等急性影響。

In a nuclear power plant accident, the general population is not likely to be exposed to doses high enough to cause such effects.
在核電廠事故中，一般民眾不太可能暴露在足以造成這樣的影響的高劑量輻射下。

Rescuers, first responders and nuclear power plant workers are more likely to be exposed to doses of radiation high enough to cause acute effects.
救難人員、應(yīng)急部門人員和核電廠工人更可能暴露在足以造成急性健康問題的高劑量輻射下。

7. What long-term effects can be expected from radiation exposure?
輻射暴露的哪些長期影響是可以被預(yù)測的？

Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of cancer. Among the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, the risk of leukaemia increased a few years after radiation exposure, whereas the risks of other cancers increased more than 10 years after the exposure.
暴露在輻射下會增加患癌癥的風(fēng)險。其中日本原子彈爆炸幸存者，在輻射暴露后的幾年里患白血病的風(fēng)險增加了，而患其他癌癥的風(fēng)險也在輻射暴露的十年后增加了。

Radioactive iodine can be released during nuclear emergencies. If breathed in or swallowed, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland and increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Among persons exposed to radioactive iodine, the risk of thyroid cancer can be lowered by taking potassium iodide pills, which helps prevent the uptake of the radioactive iodine.
核緊急情況之下，放射性碘很可能被釋放出來。如果吸入或吞食放射性碘，放射性碘會集中于甲狀腺，那么患甲狀腺癌的風(fēng)險就會提高。如果暴露在放射性碘下的人服用碘化鉀片，患甲狀腺癌的風(fēng)險就會被降低。碘化鉀有助于防止放射性碘的吸收。

The risk of thyroid cancer following radiation exposure is higher in children and young adults.
輻射暴露后，兒童和青年人患甲狀腺癌的風(fēng)險要比其他人群高。

8. Which public health actions are most important to take?
我們要采取哪些最重要的公共健康行動？

Health effects can only occur if someone is exposed to radiation, thus the main protective action someone can take is to prevent exposure. Those closest to the radiation are at greatest risk of exposure and the greater the distance away, the lower the risk. This is why when a nuclear accident occurs, the recommended public health actions involve evacuation and sheltering of those near the site.
只有當(dāng)人暴露在輻射下，對健康的影響才會出現(xiàn)，因此人們要采取的主要保護(hù)措施就是防止暴露。那些最接近的輻射的人群，暴露風(fēng)險是最大的，離輻射越遠(yuǎn)，危險越小。這就是為什么，當(dāng)核事故發(fā)生時，建議的公共健康行動涉及疏散和現(xiàn)場附近的掩護(hù)。

These necessary actions depend on the estimated exposure (i.e. the amount of radioactivity released in the atmosphere and the prevailing meteorological conditions such as wind and rain.) The actions include steps such as evacuation of people within a certain distance of the plant, providing shelter to reduce exposure and providing iodine pills for people to take to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer.
這些必要的行動依賴于對曝光的估計（即大氣中放射性物質(zhì)的含量和當(dāng)時的氣象條件，如風(fēng)力和降雨）。行動包括疏散在核電廠周圍一定距離內(nèi)的群眾，為他們提供庇護(hù)以降低風(fēng)險，分發(fā)碘片以降低患甲狀腺癌的風(fēng)險。

If warranted, steps such as restricting the consumption of vegetables and dairy products produced in the vicinity of the power plant can also reduce exposure.
如果需要的話，限制核電廠附近生產(chǎn)的蔬菜和奶制品的消費，采取這樣的措施也有助于減少輻射暴露。

Only competent authorities who have conducted a careful analysis of the emergency situation are in a position to recommend which of these public health measures should be taken.
只有對這次緊急情況作了認(rèn)真分析的主管部門才有資格推薦這些公共健康措施。