№.1 -?The opposition of the rational and the mystical, which runs all through history, first appears, among the Greeks, as an opposition between the Olympic gods and those other less civilized gods who had more affinity with the primitive beliefs dealt with by anthropologists.

【譯文】理性的東西與神秘的東西之互相對立貫穿著全部的歷史，它在希臘人中間最初表現(xiàn)為奧林匹克的神與其他較為不開化的神之間的對立，后者更接近于人類學(xué)者們所研究的原始信仰。

【小編評注】由于對歷史觀基本問題的不同回答，形成了兩種根本對立的歷史觀：唯物主義歷史觀和唯心主義歷史觀。

【短語筆記】run through - 掃視；排練

【例】In other words it doesn't just return when it finds one, it's going to run through all of them. All right?（但是它將會繼續(xù)運行,換句話來說當(dāng)它找到一個結(jié)果時,它不會立刻返回結(jié)果它會先遍歷所有的內(nèi)容？）

№.2?-?Cornford says, "tend to be otherworldly, putting all value in the unseen unity of God, and condemning the visible world as false and illusive, a turbid medium in which the rays of heavenly light are broken and obscured in mist and darkness."

【譯文】康福德說，受他所鼓舞的各種體系"都是傾向于出世的，把一切價值都置于上帝的不可見的統(tǒng)一性之中，并且把可見的世界斥為虛幻的，說它是一種混濁的介質(zhì)，其中上天的光線在霧色和黑暗之中遭到了破壞，受到了蒙蔽"。

【小編評注】康福德（《從宗教到哲學(xué)》）說：在他看來，“畢達哥拉斯代表著我們所認為與科學(xué)傾向相對立的那種神秘傳統(tǒng)的主潮。”

【短語筆記】tend to be - 傾向于；趨向于

【舉一反三】be apt to - 有……傾向的

【例】

(1)But they're great listeners and then they translate that into interactive learning and the organizations tend to be great listening organizations. （他們也善于傾聽,然后將其轉(zhuǎn)化為互動式學(xué)習(xí),那么整個團隊也會變得善于傾聽。）

(2)The busier you are, the less harm you will be apt to get into, the sweeter will be your sleep, the brighter and happier your holidays, and the better satisfied will the world be with you. （你愈是忙碌，你就愈不容易受到傷害，睡得更甜，假日也更燦爛、更快活，而世界對你的表現(xiàn)也更加滿意。）

№.3?-?It might seem that the empirical philosopher is the slave of his material, but that the pure mathematician, like the musician, is a free creator of his world of ordered beauty.

【譯文】仿佛經(jīng)驗的哲學(xué)家只是材料的奴隸，而純粹的數(shù)學(xué)家，正象音樂家一樣，才是他那秩序井然的美麗世界的自由創(chuàng)造者。

【小編評注】畢達哥拉斯發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)在音樂中的重要性，數(shù)學(xué)名詞里的“調(diào)和中項”與“調(diào)和級數(shù)”就仍然保存著畢達哥拉斯為音樂和數(shù)學(xué)之間所建立的那種聯(lián)系。他把數(shù)想象為象是表現(xiàn)在骰子上或者紙牌上的那類形狀。我們至今仍然說數(shù)的平方與立方，這些名詞就是從他那里來的。

【短語筆記】pure - 單純的;純潔的;完全的 [源自拉丁文] pūrus(=pure,untainted)。

【舉一反三】purity n.純凈;純潔;純粹

impure a.不純的;不純潔的;不道德的

impurity n.雜質(zhì);污穢

purify vt.凈化;提純

purification n.凈化;洗罪

puritan n.苦行者;清教徒 a.苦行的;清教徒的

puritanical a.像清教徒的;嚴(yán)厲刻板的

【例】Things can't become holy and can't come into contact with the holy or the sacred if they are not first pure. （事物不可能變得神圣或是與神圣有聯(lián)系,如果它們連純潔都算不上。）

№.4?-?The axioms and theorems are held to be true of actual space, which is something given in experience. It thus appeared to be possible to discover things about the actual world by first noticing what is self-evident and then using deduction. This view influenced Plato and Kant, and most of the intermediate philosophers.

【譯文】公理和定理被認為對于實際空間是真確的，而實際空間又是經(jīng)驗中所有的東西。這樣，首先注意到自明的東西然后再運用演繹法，就好像是可能發(fā)現(xiàn)實際世界中一切事物了。這種觀點影響了柏拉圖和康德以及他們兩人之間的大部分的哲學(xué)家。

【小編評注】他們處理形而上學(xué)問題的共同特點，在于運用邏輯的手段對實在或思想本身有所闡發(fā)和交代。只有真理性認識（即理性認識）才能認識事物的本質(zhì)，從而確定了理性在認識論上的地位。

【短語筆記】appear to - 似乎，好像

【舉一反三】同義詞組：seem to - 似乎，好象；看起來

【例】

(1)Another complication is that sometimes two different names appear to be the same one, being similar in sound , but different in origin . （而另外的復(fù)雜因素則可能是，有時兩個名字是一樣的寫法，一樣的讀音，但卻有不同的來源。）

(2)The heroine of the mask, as you know, doesn't seem to have a Christian name. She's not Britney or Lindsay. （你們也知道《面具》里的女主角，似乎沒有教名，她不是布蘭妮或林賽。）

（本文由滬友 落落 獨家提供，原文譯文摘自《西方哲學(xué)史》[商務(wù)印書館,1977-6]，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。）