雜談英文里的標點符號
來源：滬江英語博客
2007-02-13 13:43
書、筆、紙、墨水。
大家看看上面的句子，句中用的是什么標點呢？相信誰都會說是：頓號和句號啦。在英文句子里，也有頓號(、)和小圈兒句號(。)嗎？上面的句子以英文來寫的話，就應該是：
Book, pen, paper, ink.
可見在英文里是不用頓號和中文式句號的。標點符號在中、英文里的寫法和用法有好多差別。下面就讓我們從一個中文里所沒有的標點開始吧。
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一、Apostrophe (')省字符號、所有格符號
這個標點在中文里是沒有的；但在英文里卻隨處可見。主要用在下列幾方面：
* 表示所有格 (所有格的變化也不少，詳細情形容后再談)
* 縮寫式
* 表示一些數(shù)字、字母、日期、縮寫的復數(shù)形式
1.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在動物方面)
1.1.1 在名詞(有生命的)后加上 's 表示單數(shù)所有格：
1. Sarah's coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarah's=莎拉的)
2. The boy's hat. (這男孩有一頂帽子)
3. The boy's hats. (這男孩有好幾頂帽子)
4. Jones's office. (Jones 只有一個音節(jié)，結尾是 s, 所有格加 's)
5. Jones' sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的結尾是s, 而接下來的詞又以s開始，那么，所有格就只加 ' 喔,真好玩！)
6. Moses' mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重復的z音，所有格只加 ')
7. Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis有不止一個音節(jié)，結尾s，所有格只加 ' 。為什么呢？好玩極了！)
8. My mother-in-law's house. (monther-in-law 之類的復合名詞，所有格's加在結尾處)
9. The Surgeon General's report is due soon. (Surgeon General是復合詞，同上。)
======= 哎呀！是不是覺得很亂？讓我們歸納一下：
A. 一般單數(shù)名詞(有生命的!)，所有格只在結尾加 's (第1-3句)
B. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 或ce，所有格只加 '或 's (第4句)
C. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 而跟著是以S開頭的詞，所有格只加 ' (第5句)
D. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾音有重復的s或z音，或是eez音，所有格只加 ' (第6句)
E. 如果B項的名詞只有一個音節(jié)(syllable)，所有格只能加 's (第4句)
F. 如果B項的名詞有二個以上音節(jié)，所有格則只加 ' (第7句)
G. 復合詞類處理法同A。(第8-9句)
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1.1.2 二人(或其他動物)以上的所有格表示法：
1. The boys' shoes. (在復數(shù)boys尾加上 '而不是 's 喔)
2. The women's bags. (woman 的復數(shù)是 women, 所有格是 's)
3. The children's caps. (child 的復數(shù)是 children，和women同類型，所有格加's)
4. The actresses' hats. (actress 的復數(shù)是 actresses，因為結尾是 es, 因此所有格只加 '便可)
5. The babies' toys. (baby 的復數(shù)是 babies，結尾有es，因此所有格只加 ')
6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses 是Jones 的復數(shù))
7. My mothers-in-law's house. (注意是motherS 喔，所有格還是加 's)
===== 同樣來歸納一下：
A.簡單復數(shù)名詞(同樣是有生命的喔)的所有格寫法是：先將原來單數(shù)名詞結尾加s變成數(shù)，然后在結尾處再加上 '即成。(第1句)
B. 如果復數(shù)名詞是由改變其內(nèi)的韻母形成的，所有格同單數(shù)名詞一樣，結尾加上 's(第2-3句)
C.如果復數(shù)名詞尾是es, 所有格只加 ' (第4-6句)
D.如果是復數(shù)復合名詞，則先將主要單數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)成復數(shù)，然后在復合名詞尾加上's(第7句)
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1.1.3 如果是幾個名詞并列的,所有格 's 加在最后一個名詞尾：
1. Joe and Linda's house is being sold. 喬和琳達的房子已賣了。(這里表示房子是Joe和Linda所共有)
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1.1.4 如果幾個名詞是個別表示所有格時，每個名詞尾都須加上 's :
1. Mike's and Molly's grades have improved. 邁克和莫莉的成績已有進步。(這里表示邁克和莫莉各別的成績都有進步)
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1.1.5 不定式名詞的所有格是在詞尾加 's：
1. I need someone's help with my homework. (someone 指某人,所有格someone's某人的)
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1.1.6 代名詞的所有格不可加上 '或 's ：
1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose哪個人的，已有所有格的意思)
2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers她的，yours你的)
3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)
4. It's a nice day. (it's 是 it is 的意思,不屬于所有格)
5. That is your right. (your 你的)
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1.2 縮寫式(Contractions):
1.2.1 在字詞、日期中一部份字母或數(shù)字被省略，以 ' 代之 。
1. She wouldn't work for the gov't in '93. (wouldn't=would not, gov't=government, '93=1993)
1.2.2 名字、頭銜的縮寫格式可省略 '
1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可寫成 L't , Wm=William, 不可寫成 W'm)
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1.3 復數(shù)形式(Plurals):
1.3.1 當一個詞在句子里能清楚反映其復數(shù)意義時，不可再加 '：
1. Don't give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可寫成 if's , and's , but's)
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1.3.2 在句子里，當一個詞僅僅作為一個詞時，其復數(shù)形式可加 's 使其含意更清晰：
1. He used twenty-five and's in one paragraph. 他在一段里用了25個and字。
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1.3.3 日期、數(shù)目字、只取首字母的縮寫詞(acronyms)這類以大寫字母結尾時，復數(shù)形式只需加上 s ，不必再加上 ' :
1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s 不可寫成Ph.D.'s, 1970s 也不可寫成 1970's)
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1.3.4 當一個大寫字母的復數(shù)形式可能會被誤解時，可加上 's 以表示復數(shù)：
1. The Roman Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by three I's. 羅馬數(shù)字八的寫法是V后加上三個 I 。(這時如果 I's 只寫成 Is , 就可能引起誤解)
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逗號/逗點在中文或英文里是再普通不過的一個標點符號；可是，它的用法在中文和英里可就不一定相同了。
二、Comma (，) 逗號、逗點
在英文里，逗號的用途有：
* 連接句子里不同的成份
* 分開句子里不同的成份
* 突出句子里的某個成份
* 替代句子里的某個成份
成份指：詞、短語(phrase)、子句(clause)等。
2.1 連接句子里不同的成份
2.1.1 逗號用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等連接詞的兩個主要子句之間：
1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以 ,but 連接兩個子句)
2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the interior. (以,and 連接兩個子句)
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2.2 分開句子里不同的成份
2.2.1 用逗號分開兩個以上的并列形容詞：(如果并列的形容詞之間可加上and, but等，那就加上逗號；否則不可)
1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可寫成 He is a tall and distinguished fellow.)
2. She is a little and old lady. (不可寫成 She is a little, old lady.)
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2.2.2 在兩個修飾主語的短語之間加上逗號(句短可不加)：
1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started sneezing. (主語she)
2. At 10 o'clock the bus arrived. (不必寫成 At 10 o'clock, the bus arrived.)
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2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名稱之前及后都要加上逗號(除了所有格的名稱):
1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their board.(,Jr.,)
2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.'s company. (,Jr.'s 后面不可再加逗號)
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2.2.4 在追問句之前加逗號：
1. Do it, won't you? (Do it 是命令語氣，won't you?是追問)
2. You know the answer, don't you?
3. It is warm today, isn't it?
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2.2.5 一個以副詞或副詞短語開頭的句子，如果它和前面的句子有關聯(lián)的話，必須在有關副詞或副詞短語后加上逗號：
1. She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.(后一個句子以副詞 unfortunately 開頭，同時這個句子和前一個句子有直接的關聯(lián))
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2.2.6 在句子里有超過三個并列詞或短語等，在最后一個，and, or, nor等之前加逗號：
1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class. (簡單說就是 pencils, pens, notebooks 要寫成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)
2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (...apples, and...)
3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house. (up the staris, across the porch, into the house 是三個短語，在最后一個加 ,and)
4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious. (三個 that she was...都是子句 )
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2.2.7 在句子中加上逗號，以免引起誤解：
1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果was, was 之間不加逗號，是不是會引起誤解呢？)
2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. 外面的草坪上到處是斷枝。 (如果outside 后去掉逗號, 那意思就變成"在草坪的外面到處是斷枝。")
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2.2.8 用逗號分開引用句：
1. "You are beautiful," he said. (這個逗號要放在引號內(nèi))
2. Our teacher said, "Freedom is not license." (...said,)
3. "No," she said, "I was just testing your patience." (No, /....said,)
4. "Perhaps,"Tom responded, "I will try anyway." (Perhaps, /responded,)
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2.2.9 逗號用以分開星期、月日、年份：
1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first child was born. (Monday, May 5,2000, )
2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, )
3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my life. (只有月和年，就不必加逗號)
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2.2.10 逗號用以分開地名、省名、國名、街道名、巷弄名等：
1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.
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2.2.11 逗號用在 such as 和 especially 的前面：
1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.
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2.3 突出句子中某個插入成份(Parenthetical elements):
所謂插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感嘆詞、狀語、副詞子句等。
2.3.1 句子里插入的詞、短語、子句等,加上逗號以示插入成份：
1. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning. ( 插入however)
2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)
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2.3.2 用逗號分開"乃此非彼"的結構：
1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane，不是 Shirley)
2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吳先生，不是胡先生)
3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火)
4. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. (為的是她的財富，不是為了她的嫵媚或個性)
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2.3.3 句中有非限制性的詞或短語之類，以逗號標出以示插入成份：
1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 為插入成份)
2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my English teacher)
3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who is afamous scholar)
4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own business. (試將插入成份 his wife of thirty years 去掉，句子是否也能成立？)
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2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、國名并列，省、州、國名前后須加逗號：
1. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 為插入成份)
2. Paris, France, is sometimes called "The City of Lights." (France 為插入成份)
3. Hartford, Connecticut's investment in the insurance industry is wellknown.(Connecticut's 為所有格式，后面不可加逗號喔)
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2.3.5 句中帶著連接詞(but, and, or...)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗號：
1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of course, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗號)
2. The Tigers spent much of the season at the bottom of the league, and
even though they picked up several promising rookies, they expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗號)
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2.3.6 向人說話時，逗號放在對方名字或稱謂之后、之前或者前后都加：
1. John, come here. (John, 逗號在名字之后)
2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗號放在名字之前)
3. It is, Sir, not my fault. ( , Sir, 逗號放在稱謂前面和后面)
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2.4 替代句子里某個成份
2.4.1 用逗號替代句子里某部份，表示字詞的省略：
1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of meekness 原本應該是 the lamb is the symbol of meekness)
2. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy one 原本應該是 John was the lazy one)
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終于搞定。你說英文逗號容易用，還是中文逗號容易用？
標點(Punctuation)好好玩
三、Period / Full Stop (.) 句號、句點
句號的寫法，在英文里是個小黑點(.)，可在中文卻是個小圈兒(。)(在科學技術文章里也可用"小黑點")。用法也有些差異，在英文方面，最"好玩"的是用在縮寫方面：
* 句號用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問句等的句尾
* 句號用在縮寫方面
* 句號用在數(shù)目字方面
3.1 句號用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問句等的句尾：
3.1.1 用在陳述句(Declarative sentence)尾，表示句子結束：
1. I am leaving now.
2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends.
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3.1.2 用在祈使句(Imperative sentence)尾，表示句子結束：
1. Close the door.
2. Turn in your papers, please.
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3.1.3 用在禮貌的、祈使性的、以及間接疑問句(Interrogative sentence)尾，表示句子結束：
1. Will you please send me three copies. 麻煩你給我三份。(不要看到Will you...就在句尾加問號喔)
2. Since when am I supposed to believe this. 我什么時候會相信這個呢。
3. He asked if you can come. 他問你能不能來。
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3.2 句號用在表示縮寫(Abbreviation, Acronym):
3.2.1 縮寫詞(Abbreviation)：(將一個字詞省略其中某些字母,字尾須加句號)
1. 稱呼：Mr. = Mister, Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor /Ministry , Esq. = Esquire (先生)
2. 時間：yr. = year, min.=minute
3. 星期：Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. = Thursday, Fri. = Friday, Sat. = Saturday, Sun. = Sunday
4. 月份：Jan. = January, Feb. = February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun. = June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September, Oct. = October, Nov. = November, Dec. = December (注意：oct. = octave八度, nov. = novelist
小說家, dec. = deceased亡故)
5. 國名：Afr. = Africa / African, Aus. = Austria / Austrian, Fr. = France / French, Ger. = Germany, It. = Italy / Italian
6. 其他：etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum / minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number / numbers (No. = Number 第幾號之意)
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3.2.2 Acronym (只取首字母的縮寫詞)：
1. 公元：A.D. = Anno Domin(公元)，B.C. = Before Christ(公元前)
2. 郵政：G.P.O. = General Post Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. / p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender
3, 時間：a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午， p.m. / P.M.= post meridiem下午
4. 國名：U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of America
5. 其他：F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peace 愿他安息, r.p.m.= Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over 翻下頁，P.T.A. = Parent-Teachers' Association 家長教師協(xié)會
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也許是大家覺得縮寫詞后加個小黑點是件麻煩事，因此有些就干脆省掉它，下面是一些不加句點的縮寫詞：
1. 組織名：UN, UNESCO, WTO
2. 數(shù)目：$75 , 2nd , 5th , Henry V
3. 常用詞：memo , math , exam , lab , dorm , TV , CD , VCD ,DVD, PS =Postscript 附言，SARS (現(xiàn)在是無人不知其大名的了！)
4. 度量衡: mm , cm , km , g , mg , ml , kw , kv
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3.3 句號用在數(shù)字方面：
3.3.1 表示小數(shù)點：
1. $12.50 , ￥200.20 , RM4.45, 50.45%, 5.2 kg
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3.3.2 用于大綱列表：
例： I. 第一學期體育教學
1. 游泳
a. 自由式
注意：在括號內(nèi)的數(shù)字或字母，不可加句號：
(3), (b), (Iv)
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其實Period一點也不好玩的，你說是嗎？
標點(Punctuation)好好玩
四、Ellipsis (...) 省略號
英文省略號的寫法是三個小黑點(...)，而中文是則是六點(......)。用法如下：
4.1 句子刪節(jié)
4.1.1 表示在引號中的刪節(jié)：
1. "...into that good night."
2. "You won't..." Lois began. (錯誤："You won't...,")
3. "Then you'd blast off...on screen, as if you were looking out...of a spaceship."
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4.1.2 在句子中間刪節(jié)，跟著省略號的字母必須小寫：
1. He agreed that prices were...reasonable.
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4.1.3 句尾刪節(jié)，要點四點(....)：
1. She disagreed with the decision.... (最后一點是句號? )
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4.2 表示在對話或敘述中的停頓、猶豫、躊躇、語氣強調(diào)等：
1. Clutching at his throat, he gasped, "Help...help me."
2. He seemed nervous...stared straight ahead...kept twitching and jerking...then he ran for shelter.
3. You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?
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4.3 段落的刪節(jié)
4.3.1 刪節(jié)一段以上，以一行小點代之：
This is paragraph 1.
................................. (表示刪節(jié)第2-4段)
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.2 如果段落刪節(jié)開始開某段的中間，點四點表示下面的文字被刪節(jié)：
This is.... (這里點四點，表示從這里開始刪節(jié))
....................(這里點一行，表示其中的段落被刪節(jié))
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.3 如果刪節(jié)的最后一段只省略中間的一部份，最后一段的開始處點三點：
This is paragraph 1.
................................
...is paragraph 5. (...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)
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4.4 表示連結 (以一長串小黑點表示)
4.4.1 用于目錄：
Chapter 3.........................................page 45
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五、Quotation Marks 引號 (當沒有特別說明時為雙引號"" Single Quotation Marks單引號‘ ')
5.1 直接引用，這是最常見的用法：
5.1.1 引號內(nèi)的引用句為原句：
1. She said, "Hurry up." 她說："快點兒。" (注意中、英標點用法不同處)
2. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
3. The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds.
4. "I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep," she yawned. (這里的引用句結尾是逗號，不可用句號喔)
5. They shouted,"Congratulations!" through the door.
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5.1.2 如果引用句本身為陳述句，而整句為問句，那問號就要加在引號之后：
1. Did he say, "I am going to college next year"? (注意是"......"？問號在引號之外喔)
2. Do you agree with the saying,"A living dog is better than a dead lion"? (整句是問你同意引號內(nèi)的那句話嗎，所以問號要加在句尾)
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5.1.3 如果引用句本身是個問句，那問號就要加在引號內(nèi)：
1. Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?" (這里"......?"這個問句要放在引號內(nèi)。不可寫成 Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?"?)
2. She asked, "Will you still be my friend?" (句尾同樣不可再加問號喔)
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5.1.4 引用的字或短語如在整句中并無中斷，這時就不必加上逗號：
1. The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous overtones.
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5.1.5 如引用句屬于句子的一部份，在引號前加冒號(:)：
1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:"This above all, to thine own self be true."
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5.1.6 如果引用句內(nèi)又有引用句，那就要用單引號(‘ ')以示區(qū)別：
1. George explained, "I heard her say, ‘Go away!'so I left."
2. He said, "Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.'" (注意句尾的句號是在單引號內(nèi)，而句尾的單引號和雙引號之間不可再加標點)
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5.1.7 引用句有兩段以上時，只在每一段開始用引號(")，直到結束段最后才加引號(")：
"This is paragraph 1 (這里只用")
"This is paragraph 2 (這里也只用")
"This is paragraph 3." (最后就要用"")
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5.1.8 多人對話式引用句，各對話各占一段：
"I'll do my best,"he said. (引用句結尾用的是逗號，而不是句號,因為接著有he said)
"How old is he?"she asked.
"According to his passport he's thirty-one." (這里的引用句結尾用句號，因為沒有he said)
"And what is his real name?"
"Wilson."
"Edward Wilson,"she said softly.
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5.2 引用句屬"無聲對話"，加不加引號都可以：
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a beautiful morning 這句話是Curly 對自己說的，并沒發(fā)出聲音,不必加上引號)
2. "Oh, what a beautiful morning!" Curly said to himself. (加上引號也行)
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5.3 間接引用語不可加上引號：
1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries. (The President said 后面的話并非原話，因此不必加上引號)
2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the bookstore.
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5.4 文章、報告、評論、短篇故事、詩歌、戲劇、電影等標題/篇名都用引號
5.4.1 在句子中提到的標題或篇名用雙引號("")：
1. My favorite short story is "The Treasure." (句尾的句號放在引號內(nèi)是美國式的；英國式的則放在引號外"The Treasure".)
2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's "Design."
3. The poem "Trees" was written by Joyce Kilmer. ("Trees"在句中，不可加其他標點)
4. "The Time Machine" is my favorite film.
5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's "Henry V"? (除了句號及逗號，其他如問號等的位置，須視句子而定)
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5.4.2 在報章標題中出現(xiàn)的引號，應為單引號(‘ '):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!'
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5.5 特殊詞匯
5.5.1 當引號加在一個專門術語或特別強調(diào)的詞匯上時，引號前不可加逗號：
1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an "hemangioma." (不可寫成...as an, "hemangioma.")
2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being',as opposed to his treatment of‘non-being', has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's book. (哲學上的關鍵概念應用單引號，奇怪喔)
六、Colons (:) 冒號
冒號在中文或英文里都是一個相當常見的標點符號，在用法上也大致一樣。注意：
* 冒號前不可有空格
* 冒號后可加一空格
* 冒號后千萬不要加- (如 :-)
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大家先來看看下面的例子，你以為句子中的冒號用法對嗎？
For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
如果你的答案是對，那你就錯了！這是一個常見的冒號用法上的錯誤。正確的用法，看下去就會明白了。這里且讓我們從最簡單的用法開始吧。
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6.1 冒號用在公函上收信人的稱呼
Dear Sir: (你看，冒號前沒有任何空格喔)
We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
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6.2 冒號用于分開標題和副標題(當一標題需要進一步說明時所加上的副標題)
1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks (標題Math Applications和副標題Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之間以冒號隔開)
2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak Furniture是書名，the British Tradition是副標題)
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6.3 冒號必須加在完整句子或獨立子句之后
最常見的冒號用法上的錯誤就是將冒號放在完整句或獨立子句的中間?？纯聪旅娴睦樱?br>
Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢？顯然意思并不完整。因此句子中的冒號是多馀的。如果要用冒號的話，上面句子應該寫成下面的樣子：
There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
看看冒號前There are three things every repairman must have，它是不是有完整的意思呢？"每一位修理員必備三樣東西"可見意思是完整的，雖然你還會問是哪三樣東西呢？因此冒號后面就列出那三樣東西了。
現(xiàn)在我們知道在冒號前必須是的完整意思的句子或子句，跟冒號后的可不一定是個句子或子句。它可能是一個列表，甚至可能只是一個單詞。因此前面舉的那個例子錯在哪里也就明白了吧。下面給出它的正誤句：
錯誤句：For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
正確句：For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
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6.3.1 一些例子
1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持續(xù)干旱). (冒號后說明非洲所面對的困境)
2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you risk AIDS. (說明你的處境是什么)
3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (說明她肯定的是什么事)
4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (說明為什么那么容易找到那個地方)
5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above all, Larry. (說明是哪幾個朋友)
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6.3.2 反過來也行
1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized linguistics in one way or another.
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6.4 冒號用于注明引用圣經(jīng)的章節(jié)
1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
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6.5 冒號用于表示比例
1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比1,用文字說就是by more than four to one)
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6.6 冒號用于表示時間(美國式)
1. 2:15 (兩點十五分) (英國式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A) (上午十一點三十分) (英國式 11.30 am)
大家看看上面的句子，句中用的是什么標點呢？相信誰都會說是：頓號和句號啦。在英文句子里，也有頓號(、)和小圈兒句號(。)嗎？上面的句子以英文來寫的話，就應該是：
Book, pen, paper, ink.
可見在英文里是不用頓號和中文式句號的。標點符號在中、英文里的寫法和用法有好多差別。下面就讓我們從一個中文里所沒有的標點開始吧。
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一、Apostrophe (')省字符號、所有格符號
這個標點在中文里是沒有的；但在英文里卻隨處可見。主要用在下列幾方面：
* 表示所有格 (所有格的變化也不少，詳細情形容后再談)
* 縮寫式
* 表示一些數(shù)字、字母、日期、縮寫的復數(shù)形式
1.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在動物方面)
1.1.1 在名詞(有生命的)后加上 's 表示單數(shù)所有格：
1. Sarah's coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarah's=莎拉的)
2. The boy's hat. (這男孩有一頂帽子)
3. The boy's hats. (這男孩有好幾頂帽子)
4. Jones's office. (Jones 只有一個音節(jié)，結尾是 s, 所有格加 's)
5. Jones' sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的結尾是s, 而接下來的詞又以s開始，那么，所有格就只加 ' 喔,真好玩！)
6. Moses' mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重復的z音，所有格只加 ')
7. Louis' candy is sticky. (Louis有不止一個音節(jié)，結尾s，所有格只加 ' 。為什么呢？好玩極了！)
8. My mother-in-law's house. (monther-in-law 之類的復合名詞，所有格's加在結尾處)
9. The Surgeon General's report is due soon. (Surgeon General是復合詞，同上。)
======= 哎呀！是不是覺得很亂？讓我們歸納一下：
A. 一般單數(shù)名詞(有生命的!)，所有格只在結尾加 's (第1-3句)
B. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 或ce，所有格只加 '或 's (第4句)
C. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾是s, 而跟著是以S開頭的詞，所有格只加 ' (第5句)
D. 如果單數(shù)名詞尾音有重復的s或z音，或是eez音，所有格只加 ' (第6句)
E. 如果B項的名詞只有一個音節(jié)(syllable)，所有格只能加 's (第4句)
F. 如果B項的名詞有二個以上音節(jié)，所有格則只加 ' (第7句)
G. 復合詞類處理法同A。(第8-9句)
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1.1.2 二人(或其他動物)以上的所有格表示法：
1. The boys' shoes. (在復數(shù)boys尾加上 '而不是 's 喔)
2. The women's bags. (woman 的復數(shù)是 women, 所有格是 's)
3. The children's caps. (child 的復數(shù)是 children，和women同類型，所有格加's)
4. The actresses' hats. (actress 的復數(shù)是 actresses，因為結尾是 es, 因此所有格只加 '便可)
5. The babies' toys. (baby 的復數(shù)是 babies，結尾有es，因此所有格只加 ')
6. Ms. Joneses' house. (Joneses 是Jones 的復數(shù))
7. My mothers-in-law's house. (注意是motherS 喔，所有格還是加 's)
===== 同樣來歸納一下：
A.簡單復數(shù)名詞(同樣是有生命的喔)的所有格寫法是：先將原來單數(shù)名詞結尾加s變成數(shù)，然后在結尾處再加上 '即成。(第1句)
B. 如果復數(shù)名詞是由改變其內(nèi)的韻母形成的，所有格同單數(shù)名詞一樣，結尾加上 's(第2-3句)
C.如果復數(shù)名詞尾是es, 所有格只加 ' (第4-6句)
D.如果是復數(shù)復合名詞，則先將主要單數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)成復數(shù)，然后在復合名詞尾加上's(第7句)
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1.1.3 如果是幾個名詞并列的,所有格 's 加在最后一個名詞尾：
1. Joe and Linda's house is being sold. 喬和琳達的房子已賣了。(這里表示房子是Joe和Linda所共有)
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1.1.4 如果幾個名詞是個別表示所有格時，每個名詞尾都須加上 's :
1. Mike's and Molly's grades have improved. 邁克和莫莉的成績已有進步。(這里表示邁克和莫莉各別的成績都有進步)
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1.1.5 不定式名詞的所有格是在詞尾加 's：
1. I need someone's help with my homework. (someone 指某人,所有格someone's某人的)
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1.1.6 代名詞的所有格不可加上 '或 's ：
1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose哪個人的，已有所有格的意思)
2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers她的，yours你的)
3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)
4. It's a nice day. (it's 是 it is 的意思,不屬于所有格)
5. That is your right. (your 你的)
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1.2 縮寫式(Contractions):
1.2.1 在字詞、日期中一部份字母或數(shù)字被省略，以 ' 代之 。
1. She wouldn't work for the gov't in '93. (wouldn't=would not, gov't=government, '93=1993)
1.2.2 名字、頭銜的縮寫格式可省略 '
1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可寫成 L't , Wm=William, 不可寫成 W'm)
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1.3 復數(shù)形式(Plurals):
1.3.1 當一個詞在句子里能清楚反映其復數(shù)意義時，不可再加 '：
1. Don't give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可寫成 if's , and's , but's)
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1.3.2 在句子里，當一個詞僅僅作為一個詞時，其復數(shù)形式可加 's 使其含意更清晰：
1. He used twenty-five and's in one paragraph. 他在一段里用了25個and字。
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1.3.3 日期、數(shù)目字、只取首字母的縮寫詞(acronyms)這類以大寫字母結尾時，復數(shù)形式只需加上 s ，不必再加上 ' :
1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s 不可寫成Ph.D.'s, 1970s 也不可寫成 1970's)
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1.3.4 當一個大寫字母的復數(shù)形式可能會被誤解時，可加上 's 以表示復數(shù)：
1. The Roman Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by three I's. 羅馬數(shù)字八的寫法是V后加上三個 I 。(這時如果 I's 只寫成 Is , 就可能引起誤解)
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逗號/逗點在中文或英文里是再普通不過的一個標點符號；可是，它的用法在中文和英里可就不一定相同了。
二、Comma (，) 逗號、逗點
在英文里，逗號的用途有：
* 連接句子里不同的成份
* 分開句子里不同的成份
* 突出句子里的某個成份
* 替代句子里的某個成份
成份指：詞、短語(phrase)、子句(clause)等。
2.1 連接句子里不同的成份
2.1.1 逗號用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等連接詞的兩個主要子句之間：
1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking. (以 ,but 連接兩個子句)
2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the interior. (以,and 連接兩個子句)
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2.2 分開句子里不同的成份
2.2.1 用逗號分開兩個以上的并列形容詞：(如果并列的形容詞之間可加上and, but等，那就加上逗號；否則不可)
1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可寫成 He is a tall and distinguished fellow.)
2. She is a little and old lady. (不可寫成 She is a little, old lady.)
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2.2.2 在兩個修飾主語的短語之間加上逗號(句短可不加)：
1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she started sneezing. (主語she)
2. At 10 o'clock the bus arrived. (不必寫成 At 10 o'clock, the bus arrived.)
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2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名稱之前及后都要加上逗號(除了所有格的名稱):
1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their board.(,Jr.,)
2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.'s company. (,Jr.'s 后面不可再加逗號)
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2.2.4 在追問句之前加逗號：
1. Do it, won't you? (Do it 是命令語氣，won't you?是追問)
2. You know the answer, don't you?
3. It is warm today, isn't it?
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2.2.5 一個以副詞或副詞短語開頭的句子，如果它和前面的句子有關聯(lián)的話，必須在有關副詞或副詞短語后加上逗號：
1. She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.(后一個句子以副詞 unfortunately 開頭，同時這個句子和前一個句子有直接的關聯(lián))
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2.2.6 在句子里有超過三個并列詞或短語等，在最后一個，and, or, nor等之前加逗號：
1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class. (簡單說就是 pencils, pens, notebooks 要寫成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)
2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (...apples, and...)
3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house. (up the staris, across the porch, into the house 是三個短語，在最后一個加 ,and)
4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious. (三個 that she was...都是子句 )
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2.2.7 在句子中加上逗號，以免引起誤解：
1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果was, was 之間不加逗號，是不是會引起誤解呢？)
2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. 外面的草坪上到處是斷枝。 (如果outside 后去掉逗號, 那意思就變成"在草坪的外面到處是斷枝。")
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2.2.8 用逗號分開引用句：
1. "You are beautiful," he said. (這個逗號要放在引號內(nèi))
2. Our teacher said, "Freedom is not license." (...said,)
3. "No," she said, "I was just testing your patience." (No, /....said,)
4. "Perhaps,"Tom responded, "I will try anyway." (Perhaps, /responded,)
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2.2.9 逗號用以分開星期、月日、年份：
1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first child was born. (Monday, May 5,2000, )
2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, )
3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my life. (只有月和年，就不必加逗號)
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2.2.10 逗號用以分開地名、省名、國名、街道名、巷弄名等：
1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.
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2.2.11 逗號用在 such as 和 especially 的前面：
1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.
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2.3 突出句子中某個插入成份(Parenthetical elements):
所謂插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感嘆詞、狀語、副詞子句等。
2.3.1 句子里插入的詞、短語、子句等,加上逗號以示插入成份：
1. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his warning. ( 插入however)
2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)
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2.3.2 用逗號分開"乃此非彼"的結構：
1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane，不是 Shirley)
2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吳先生，不是胡先生)
3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火)
4. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. (為的是她的財富，不是為了她的嫵媚或個性)
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2.3.3 句中有非限制性的詞或短語之類，以逗號標出以示插入成份：
1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 為插入成份)
2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my English teacher)
3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who is afamous scholar)
4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own business. (試將插入成份 his wife of thirty years 去掉，句子是否也能成立？)
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2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、國名并列，省、州、國名前后須加逗號：
1. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 為插入成份)
2. Paris, France, is sometimes called "The City of Lights." (France 為插入成份)
3. Hartford, Connecticut's investment in the insurance industry is wellknown.(Connecticut's 為所有格式，后面不可加逗號喔)
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2.3.5 句中帶著連接詞(but, and, or...)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗號：
1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but of course, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗號)
2. The Tigers spent much of the season at the bottom of the league, and
even though they picked up several promising rookies, they expect to be there again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗號)
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2.3.6 向人說話時，逗號放在對方名字或稱謂之后、之前或者前后都加：
1. John, come here. (John, 逗號在名字之后)
2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗號放在名字之前)
3. It is, Sir, not my fault. ( , Sir, 逗號放在稱謂前面和后面)
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2.4 替代句子里某個成份
2.4.1 用逗號替代句子里某部份，表示字詞的省略：
1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, of meekness 原本應該是 the lamb is the symbol of meekness)
2. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy one 原本應該是 John was the lazy one)
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終于搞定。你說英文逗號容易用，還是中文逗號容易用？
標點(Punctuation)好好玩
三、Period / Full Stop (.) 句號、句點
句號的寫法，在英文里是個小黑點(.)，可在中文卻是個小圈兒(。)(在科學技術文章里也可用"小黑點")。用法也有些差異，在英文方面，最"好玩"的是用在縮寫方面：
* 句號用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問句等的句尾
* 句號用在縮寫方面
* 句號用在數(shù)目字方面
3.1 句號用在陳述句、祈使句及禮貌問句等的句尾：
3.1.1 用在陳述句(Declarative sentence)尾，表示句子結束：
1. I am leaving now.
2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends.
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3.1.2 用在祈使句(Imperative sentence)尾，表示句子結束：
1. Close the door.
2. Turn in your papers, please.
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3.1.3 用在禮貌的、祈使性的、以及間接疑問句(Interrogative sentence)尾，表示句子結束：
1. Will you please send me three copies. 麻煩你給我三份。(不要看到Will you...就在句尾加問號喔)
2. Since when am I supposed to believe this. 我什么時候會相信這個呢。
3. He asked if you can come. 他問你能不能來。
==============================================
3.2 句號用在表示縮寫(Abbreviation, Acronym):
3.2.1 縮寫詞(Abbreviation)：(將一個字詞省略其中某些字母,字尾須加句號)
1. 稱呼：Mr. = Mister, Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor /Ministry , Esq. = Esquire (先生)
2. 時間：yr. = year, min.=minute
3. 星期：Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. = Thursday, Fri. = Friday, Sat. = Saturday, Sun. = Sunday
4. 月份：Jan. = January, Feb. = February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun. = June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September, Oct. = October, Nov. = November, Dec. = December (注意：oct. = octave八度, nov. = novelist
小說家, dec. = deceased亡故)
5. 國名：Afr. = Africa / African, Aus. = Austria / Austrian, Fr. = France / French, Ger. = Germany, It. = Italy / Italian
6. 其他：etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum / minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number / numbers (No. = Number 第幾號之意)
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3.2.2 Acronym (只取首字母的縮寫詞)：
1. 公元：A.D. = Anno Domin(公元)，B.C. = Before Christ(公元前)
2. 郵政：G.P.O. = General Post Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. / p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender
3, 時間：a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午， p.m. / P.M.= post meridiem下午
4. 國名：U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of America
5. 其他：F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peace 愿他安息, r.p.m.= Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over 翻下頁，P.T.A. = Parent-Teachers' Association 家長教師協(xié)會
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也許是大家覺得縮寫詞后加個小黑點是件麻煩事，因此有些就干脆省掉它，下面是一些不加句點的縮寫詞：
1. 組織名：UN, UNESCO, WTO
2. 數(shù)目：$75 , 2nd , 5th , Henry V
3. 常用詞：memo , math , exam , lab , dorm , TV , CD , VCD ,DVD, PS =Postscript 附言，SARS (現(xiàn)在是無人不知其大名的了！)
4. 度量衡: mm , cm , km , g , mg , ml , kw , kv
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3.3 句號用在數(shù)字方面：
3.3.1 表示小數(shù)點：
1. $12.50 , ￥200.20 , RM4.45, 50.45%, 5.2 kg
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3.3.2 用于大綱列表：
例： I. 第一學期體育教學
1. 游泳
a. 自由式
注意：在括號內(nèi)的數(shù)字或字母，不可加句號：
(3), (b), (Iv)
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其實Period一點也不好玩的，你說是嗎？
標點(Punctuation)好好玩
四、Ellipsis (...) 省略號
英文省略號的寫法是三個小黑點(...)，而中文是則是六點(......)。用法如下：
4.1 句子刪節(jié)
4.1.1 表示在引號中的刪節(jié)：
1. "...into that good night."
2. "You won't..." Lois began. (錯誤："You won't...,")
3. "Then you'd blast off...on screen, as if you were looking out...of a spaceship."
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4.1.2 在句子中間刪節(jié)，跟著省略號的字母必須小寫：
1. He agreed that prices were...reasonable.
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4.1.3 句尾刪節(jié)，要點四點(....)：
1. She disagreed with the decision.... (最后一點是句號? )
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4.2 表示在對話或敘述中的停頓、猶豫、躊躇、語氣強調(diào)等：
1. Clutching at his throat, he gasped, "Help...help me."
2. He seemed nervous...stared straight ahead...kept twitching and jerking...then he ran for shelter.
3. You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?
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4.3 段落的刪節(jié)
4.3.1 刪節(jié)一段以上，以一行小點代之：
This is paragraph 1.
................................. (表示刪節(jié)第2-4段)
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.2 如果段落刪節(jié)開始開某段的中間，點四點表示下面的文字被刪節(jié)：
This is.... (這里點四點，表示從這里開始刪節(jié))
....................(這里點一行，表示其中的段落被刪節(jié))
This is paragraph 5.
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4.3.3 如果刪節(jié)的最后一段只省略中間的一部份，最后一段的開始處點三點：
This is paragraph 1.
................................
...is paragraph 5. (...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)
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4.4 表示連結 (以一長串小黑點表示)
4.4.1 用于目錄：
Chapter 3.........................................page 45
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五、Quotation Marks 引號 (當沒有特別說明時為雙引號"" Single Quotation Marks單引號‘ ')
5.1 直接引用，這是最常見的用法：
5.1.1 引號內(nèi)的引用句為原句：
1. She said, "Hurry up." 她說："快點兒。" (注意中、英標點用法不同處)
2. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
3. The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds.
4. "I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep," she yawned. (這里的引用句結尾是逗號，不可用句號喔)
5. They shouted,"Congratulations!" through the door.
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5.1.2 如果引用句本身為陳述句，而整句為問句，那問號就要加在引號之后：
1. Did he say, "I am going to college next year"? (注意是"......"？問號在引號之外喔)
2. Do you agree with the saying,"A living dog is better than a dead lion"? (整句是問你同意引號內(nèi)的那句話嗎，所以問號要加在句尾)
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5.1.3 如果引用句本身是個問句，那問號就要加在引號內(nèi)：
1. Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?" (這里"......?"這個問句要放在引號內(nèi)。不可寫成 Did he say, "Are you going to college next year?"?)
2. She asked, "Will you still be my friend?" (句尾同樣不可再加問號喔)
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5.1.4 引用的字或短語如在整句中并無中斷，這時就不必加上逗號：
1. The phrase "lovely, dark and deep" begins to suggest ominous overtones.
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5.1.5 如引用句屬于句子的一部份，在引號前加冒號(:)：
1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:"This above all, to thine own self be true."
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5.1.6 如果引用句內(nèi)又有引用句，那就要用單引號(‘ ')以示區(qū)別：
1. George explained, "I heard her say, ‘Go away!'so I left."
2. He said, "Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.'" (注意句尾的句號是在單引號內(nèi)，而句尾的單引號和雙引號之間不可再加標點)
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5.1.7 引用句有兩段以上時，只在每一段開始用引號(")，直到結束段最后才加引號(")：
"This is paragraph 1 (這里只用")
"This is paragraph 2 (這里也只用")
"This is paragraph 3." (最后就要用"")
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5.1.8 多人對話式引用句，各對話各占一段：
"I'll do my best,"he said. (引用句結尾用的是逗號，而不是句號,因為接著有he said)
"How old is he?"she asked.
"According to his passport he's thirty-one." (這里的引用句結尾用句號，因為沒有he said)
"And what is his real name?"
"Wilson."
"Edward Wilson,"she said softly.
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5.2 引用句屬"無聲對話"，加不加引號都可以：
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a beautiful morning 這句話是Curly 對自己說的，并沒發(fā)出聲音,不必加上引號)
2. "Oh, what a beautiful morning!" Curly said to himself. (加上引號也行)
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5.3 間接引用語不可加上引號：
1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries. (The President said 后面的話并非原話，因此不必加上引號)
2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the bookstore.
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5.4 文章、報告、評論、短篇故事、詩歌、戲劇、電影等標題/篇名都用引號
5.4.1 在句子中提到的標題或篇名用雙引號("")：
1. My favorite short story is "The Treasure." (句尾的句號放在引號內(nèi)是美國式的；英國式的則放在引號外"The Treasure".)
2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's "Design."
3. The poem "Trees" was written by Joyce Kilmer. ("Trees"在句中，不可加其他標點)
4. "The Time Machine" is my favorite film.
5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's "Henry V"? (除了句號及逗號，其他如問號等的位置，須視句子而定)
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5.4.2 在報章標題中出現(xiàn)的引號，應為單引號(‘ '):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!'
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5.5 特殊詞匯
5.5.1 當引號加在一個專門術語或特別強調(diào)的詞匯上時，引號前不可加逗號：
1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an "hemangioma." (不可寫成...as an, "hemangioma.")
2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being',as opposed to his treatment of‘non-being', has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's book. (哲學上的關鍵概念應用單引號，奇怪喔)
六、Colons (:) 冒號
冒號在中文或英文里都是一個相當常見的標點符號，在用法上也大致一樣。注意：
* 冒號前不可有空格
* 冒號后可加一空格
* 冒號后千萬不要加- (如 :-)
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大家先來看看下面的例子，你以為句子中的冒號用法對嗎？
For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
如果你的答案是對，那你就錯了！這是一個常見的冒號用法上的錯誤。正確的用法，看下去就會明白了。這里且讓我們從最簡單的用法開始吧。
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6.1 冒號用在公函上收信人的稱呼
Dear Sir: (你看，冒號前沒有任何空格喔)
We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
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6.2 冒號用于分開標題和副標題(當一標題需要進一步說明時所加上的副標題)
1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks (標題Math Applications和副標題Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之間以冒號隔開)
2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak Furniture是書名，the British Tradition是副標題)
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6.3 冒號必須加在完整句子或獨立子句之后
最常見的冒號用法上的錯誤就是將冒號放在完整句或獨立子句的中間?？纯聪旅娴睦樱?br>
Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢？顯然意思并不完整。因此句子中的冒號是多馀的。如果要用冒號的話，上面句子應該寫成下面的樣子：
There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
看看冒號前There are three things every repairman must have，它是不是有完整的意思呢？"每一位修理員必備三樣東西"可見意思是完整的，雖然你還會問是哪三樣東西呢？因此冒號后面就列出那三樣東西了。
現(xiàn)在我們知道在冒號前必須是的完整意思的句子或子句，跟冒號后的可不一定是個句子或子句。它可能是一個列表，甚至可能只是一個單詞。因此前面舉的那個例子錯在哪里也就明白了吧。下面給出它的正誤句：
錯誤句：For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
正確句：For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
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6.3.1 一些例子
1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持續(xù)干旱). (冒號后說明非洲所面對的困境)
2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you risk AIDS. (說明你的處境是什么)
3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (說明她肯定的是什么事)
4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (說明為什么那么容易找到那個地方)
5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above all, Larry. (說明是哪幾個朋友)
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6.3.2 反過來也行
1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized linguistics in one way or another.
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6.4 冒號用于注明引用圣經(jīng)的章節(jié)
1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
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6.5 冒號用于表示比例
1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比1,用文字說就是by more than four to one)
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6.6 冒號用于表示時間(美國式)
1. 2:15 (兩點十五分) (英國式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A) (上午十一點三十分) (英國式 11.30 am)
