關(guān)于這場(chǎng)大災(zāi)難,一般有兩種說(shuō)法,一種認(rèn)為這是一場(chǎng)瘟疫,另一種說(shuō)法則主張這是病毒性出血熱。不管怎么說(shuō),在這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難中有10萬(wàn)人喪生是無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的。
到了七月,當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)王查爾斯二世被迫離開倫敦,臨走前做出了導(dǎo)致瘟疫擴(kuò)散更快的錯(cuò)誤決定。他下令宰殺了城中所有的貓狗致使鼠患成災(zāi),而老鼠身上的跳蚤正是傳播瘟疫的始作俑者。
Deaths raged at 7,000 people at week up until September 2, 1666 when the Great Fire of London drew the epidemic to a close.
到1666年9月,平均每周死亡的人數(shù)達(dá)到了7000人。9月2日那天,倫敦城遭遇了一場(chǎng)大火才使得這場(chǎng)大瘟疫走到了末路。
商船大圣安圖望號(hào)曾??吭诋?dāng)時(shí)正在爆發(fā)瘟疫的塞浦路斯,而后出發(fā)開往馬賽。到達(dá)馬賽后港口機(jī)關(guān)立刻下令將其隔離。
Despite numerous ship passengers perishing from the plague, including the ships surgeon, powerful city merchants had the ships quarantine lifted to receive the goods they had on board.
盡管船上有包括隨船醫(yī)生在內(nèi)的大量乘客患病死亡,馬賽市內(nèi)有權(quán)勢(shì)的商人仍然要求解除隔離禁令,以便拿到他們?cè)诖系呢浳铩?/div>
Within days the epidemic was firmly underway and piles of corpses lay about the city -- when it was over up to 50 percent of residents in the area were dead.
數(shù)天后,市內(nèi)爆發(fā)瘟疫,死尸成堆。到瘟疫結(jié)束時(shí),城里約有一半的人口死亡。
Moscow plague
In 1771 the Moscow plague and riot claimed up to 200,000 people
莫斯科瘟疫和暴亂(死亡20萬(wàn)人)
The
bubonic plague struck Moscow in late 1770 and by spring of the following year had become a full blown epidemic.
1770年末,黑死病傳到了莫斯科,到第二年春,此病已經(jīng)迅速傳開。
The quarantine measures imposed by officials?
infuriated?and terrified the public in equal measure, causing widespread riots and the destruction of quarantine zones.
政府采取的隔離措施引起了人們的恐慌和憤怒,導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的暴亂,隔離區(qū)也遭到了破壞。
The economy at a standstill, and running out of food -- in the end 300 people were arrested and up to 200,000 perished.
經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前,食物短缺。最后的結(jié)果是,300人被捕,至少20萬(wàn)人死亡。
Russian flu
The Russian flu killed 1 million people from 1890 to 1891
俄羅斯流感(死亡100萬(wàn)人)
The Russian flu pandemic of 1889-1890 is the earliest for which detailed records are available.
1889-1890年的俄羅斯流感大爆發(fā)是最早的有史可查的傳染病。
Despite documentation, scientists have yet to agree on the virus type of the flu and as recently as 2000 exhumed bodies for conclusive answers.
盡管有資料可查,科學(xué)家們最近在對(duì)2000多具尸體進(jìn)行研究后才最終確定了該流感的病毒類型。
The flu began in Russia, but spread rapidly through Europe, reaching North America and Asia before tapering off.
該流感由俄羅斯開始迅速向歐洲傳播,一直傳到了北美和亞洲才逐漸減弱。
Hong Kong flu
The Hong Kong Flu killed 1 million people late 1968
香港流感大傳播(死亡100萬(wàn)人)
The Hong Kong flu epidemic shows how a modern crisis might hit the world.
香港流感大爆發(fā)讓我們見識(shí)到了傳染病是如何在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中傳播的。
The first outbreak that summer in '68 was reported in Hong Kong. By September, the flu reached India, Philippines, Australia, and Europe. By fall it was brought into California by returning troops from Vietnam, becoming widespread in the U.S. by Christmas of that year. By January it was in South America, Japan, and Africa.
1968年夏,流感首先在香港爆發(fā)。9月,傳播到印度,菲律賓,澳大利亞和歐洲。入秋后,由從越南返回美國(guó)的士兵傳播到加利福尼亞,并在當(dāng)年的圣誕節(jié)前傳遍美國(guó)。到了次年一月,該病已傳播到了南美、日本和非洲。
1,000,000 people died, though the virus had a case-fatality?ratio of only 0.5%
盡管這種病毒的致死率只有0.5%,但卻有一百萬(wàn)人因此喪命!
third cholera pandemic
The Third Cholera?Pandemic caused 1 million Russian deaths 第三次霍亂肆虐(死亡100萬(wàn)人)
A disease of the large
intestine and transmitted through
contaminated water, cholera has haunted humanity for centuries.
霍亂是一種通過(guò)飲用受污染的水而導(dǎo)致的腸道疾病,它曾經(jīng)危害人類長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)之久。
The Third Cholera Pandemic from 1852 to 1859 swept through Asia, North America, and Africa hitting Russia particularly hard.
第三次霍亂肆虐的時(shí)間是從1852年到1859年,傳播范圍包括亞洲、北美和非洲,其中俄羅斯情況最為嚴(yán)重。
This cholera pandemic is considered the most deadly cholera pandemic in history, though the seventh is still going on.
盡管我們正在經(jīng)歷歷史上的第七次霍亂爆發(fā),但第三次霍亂傳播被認(rèn)為是歷史上最嚴(yán)重的一次。
antonine plague
The Antonine Plague wiped out one-third of the Roman army
安東尼瘟疫(1/3羅馬軍隊(duì)覆滅)
Roman soldiers unknowingly started the Antonine Plague in AD 165 when they returned from the Near East carrying either
smallpox or
measles.
公元165年,從近東回來(lái)的羅馬士兵攜帶著天花或麻疹病毒回到了羅馬帝國(guó),由此在不知情的情況下引發(fā)了安東尼瘟疫。
Over 15-years, outbreaks killed as many as 2,000 people a day and
decimated a full one-third of the Roman army.
在瘟疫爆發(fā)的15年里,一天的死亡人數(shù)最多可達(dá)到2000人。在此期間,有三分之一的羅馬軍隊(duì)遭受滅頂之災(zāi)。
6.5 million people died.
在這場(chǎng)大瘟疫中,有650萬(wàn)人喪生。
plague of justinian
The Plague of Justinian killed 25 million people worldwide
查士丁尼瘟疫(死亡2500萬(wàn)人)
The bubonic plague slipped into Constantinople from China in 541 AD killing up to 10,000 people a day at its peak.
這場(chǎng)在公元541年從中國(guó)傳播到君士坦丁堡的鼠疫在傳播到最頂峰時(shí),曾在一天里就造成一萬(wàn)人死亡。
The plague decimated the Emperor Justinian's tax-base, undermining his ability to battle the
Vandal and the
Goth and effectively ended the chance of uniting the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.
這場(chǎng)瘟疫摧毀了查士丁尼大帝的稅收基礎(chǔ),削弱了他對(duì)汪達(dá)爾人和哥特人的進(jìn)攻,從而阻礙了東西羅馬帝國(guó)的合并。
Justinian himself was one of the few infected by the plague who, in the end, survived。
查士丁尼也在這次瘟疫中受到了傳染,但最后卻幸存了下來(lái)。
Spanish flu
The 1918 Spanish flu was H1N1 and killed 75 million people
西班牙大流感(死亡7500萬(wàn)人)
Unlike most outbreaks the majority of victims from the 1918 pandemic were young and healthy.
和大多數(shù)流感不同的是,1918年的這次流感的感染者大多是身體健康的年輕人。
Estimates put the possible number of dead at up to 100,000,000 -- 6% of the global population. Cases were reported from the Pacific Islands to the Arctic.
這次流感的死亡人數(shù)據(jù)估計(jì)達(dá)到一億人,占世界總?cè)丝诘?%,傳播范圍波及全球。
The disease did not originate in Spain, but the European nations had the most accurate and
uncensored reporting of the outbreak resulting in the belief that it started there.
這次流感的源頭并不在西班牙,但是歐洲各國(guó)的報(bào)道讓人們以為這里就是流感開始傳播的地方。
Ten to 20% of those infected died from the H1N1 flu virus that returned again in 2009.
10%到20%的感染人群死亡,而在2009年,這種禽流感病毒又卷土重來(lái)了。
black death
The Black Death wiped out 100 million people
黑死病席卷歐洲(死亡一億人)
One of the most devastating pandemics in the history of the world, the bacterium
Yersinia pestis killed up to 60% of Europe's population between 1348 and 1350.
黑死病是人類史上最嚴(yán)重的瘟疫之一,其元兇是一種叫做鼠疫耶爾森菌的病毒。黑死病在1348年到1350年間導(dǎo)致歐洲六成人口死亡。
The monumental death toll shaped contemporary morality and a "live for the moment" approach to life infused Europe during the slaughter, and after the deaths tapered off.
死亡人數(shù)之多甚至改變了當(dāng)時(shí)人們的人生觀,在黑死病肆虐時(shí)期,人們只相信“活在當(dāng)下”,這種情況直到黑死病的蔓延減弱才得以改變。
The disease was called "black" not for its tendency to cause gangrene before death, but because of the black mood it inspired. It took 150 years for the population to recover.
這場(chǎng)大瘟疫之所以稱之為黑死病,并不僅僅因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)使患者死前身體呈現(xiàn)大量黑色,更多的是因?yàn)樗斐傻目植缐阂值姆諊:谒啦≈?,人口?shù)量經(jīng)過(guò)了150年才得以恢復(fù)。