四級考試閱讀沖刺策略-有效利用真題（2）
3.語義題：考察根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義的能力
標(biāo)志：題干中包含明確位置，如：(Line 1, Para. 3)。? ?
解答語義題關(guān)鍵抓兩點：利用并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)、根據(jù)上下文的語義推斷。
語義題錯誤選項的特點：簡單詞的本意。
(1) 簡單詞的本意往往為錯誤選項。
例題4：05年6月
What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para. 3)??? C
A) Oil exploitation takes a long time
B) The oil drilling should be delayed
C) Don’t be too optimistic
D) Don’t expect fast returns
分析：題干非常簡單，從字面意思上看與速度和時間有關(guān)系，AB中的takes a long time和delayed都是Not so fast的字面意思，D選項更是用fast來解釋Not so fast，因此ABD同時排除，正確答案是C，與簡單的題干的字面意思沒有直接聯(lián)系。
總結(jié)：語義題的題干如果很簡單，那么正確答案就與字面意思無關(guān)。
(2) 利用并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)
例題5：（對應(yīng)例文1）
The word “shun” (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means ___B___.
A) cut down on減少
B) stay away from 遠(yuǎn)離
C) run out of 用完
D) put up with 忍受（B）
分析：“Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise.”在本句話中出現(xiàn)比較more than，把前后的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行對比they對應(yīng)Humans，shun對應(yīng)avoid，對應(yīng)正確答案B，stay away from 遠(yuǎn)離。
總結(jié)：靈活利用并列、比較等平行結(jié)構(gòu)尋找對應(yīng)
(3) 根據(jù)上下文的語義推斷
例題6：2008年12月
What does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach” (Line 1, Para. 9)?? D
A) A casual attitude towards one’s health conditions
B) A new therapy for certain psychological problems
C) Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved
D) Unwillingness to find out about one’s disease because of fear
分析：原文Then there is the ostrich approach. “Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr. Ross Cartmill. 關(guān)于ostrich approach的意思，需要看上下文的內(nèi)容，也就是對應(yīng)在后面的那句話，D選項中的Unwillingness to find out對應(yīng)原文的would rather not know，fear對應(yīng)scared，因此為正確答案。
總結(jié)：語義題不是考察你是否認(rèn)識這個單詞，而是考察你能不能利用上下文推斷出它在文章里的含義。
四．快速閱讀：
快速閱讀項目規(guī)定的完成時間是在作文之后的9:40-9:55，而且9:55的時候會收答題卡I其中包含作文和快速閱讀，因此快速閱讀只有15分鐘，不光 要完成解答還要填好機(jī)讀卡，在速度上要求很高，因此就要求快速閱讀的做題方法有別于深度閱讀，但方法的根本還是一致的，那就是關(guān)鍵詞的定位。
快速閱讀解題三步驟：
（1）瀏覽大標(biāo)題小標(biāo)題，了解文章主題結(jié)構(gòu)。
（2）根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞結(jié)合小標(biāo)題和出題順序在原文中找到定位。
（3）正確答案：1-7完整照抄原文或?qū)υ耐x改寫的選項為正確答案；8-10對比原文與題干，缺失的成分為答案，注意填入的內(nèi)容的時態(tài)和主謂搭配與題干一致。
How Do You See Diversity??? 2009年6月
As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company. During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise.
He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice.
“It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunderstanding. He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting (避開) your eyes.
“I was just thrown off by the lack of eye contact; not realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out, but will not miss that opportunity again.”
Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different. As the world becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our understanding of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions.
Hire Advantage
At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult, employers who can eliminate invalid biases (偏見) from the process have a distinct advantage. My company, Mindsets LLC, helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots. A real estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make.
“During my Mindsets coaching session, I was taught how to recruit a diversified workforce. I recruited people from different cultures and skill sets. The agents were able to utilize their full potential and experiences to build up the company. When the real estate market began to change, it was because we had a diverse agent pool that we were able to say in the real estate market much longer than others in the same profession.”
Blinded by Gender
Dale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on supervising a diverse workforce. “Through one of the sessions, I discovered my personal bias,” he recalls. “I learned I had not been looking at a person as a whole person, and being open to differences.” In his case, the blindness was not about culture but rather gender.
“I had a management position open in my department; and the two finalists were a man and a woman. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel. My reasoning would have been that even though both candidates were great and could have been successful in the position, I assumed the woman would have wanted to be home with her children and not travel.” Dale’s assumptions are another example of the well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits an organization’s ability to tap into the full potential of a diverse workforce.
“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation. I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them to make an informed decision.” Dale credits the workshop, “because it helped me make decisions based on fairness.”
Year of the Know-It-All
Doug is another supervisor who attended one of my workshops. He recalls a major lesson learned from his own employee.
“One of my most embarrassing moments was when I had a Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to celebrate Chinese New Year. In my ignorance, I assumed he had his dates wrong’, as the first of January had just passed. When I advised him of this, I gave him a tong talking-to about turning in requests early with the proper dates.
“He patiently waited, then when I was done, he said he would like Chinese New Year off, not the Western New Year. He explained politely that in his culture the New Year did not begin January first, and that Chinese New Year, which is tied to the lunar cycle, is one of the most celebrated holidays on the Chinese calendar. Needless to say, I felt very embarrassed in assuming he had his dates mixed up. But I learned a great deal about assumptions, and that the timing of holidays varies considerably from culture to culture.
“Attending the diversity workshop helped me realize how much I could learn by simply asking questions and creating dialogues with my employees, rather than making assumptions and trying to be a know-it-all,” Doug admits. “The biggest thing I took away from the workshop is learning how to be more ‘inclusive’ to differences.”
A Better Bottom Line
An open mind about diversity not only improves organizations internally, it is profitable as well. These comments from a customer service representative show how an inclusive attitude can improve sales. “Most of my customers speak English as a second language. One of the best things my company has done is to contract with a language service that offers translations over the phone. It wasn’t until my boss received Mindsets’ training that she was able to understand how important inclusiveness was to customer service. As a result, our customer base has increased.”
Once we start to see people as individuals, and discard the stereotypes, we can move positively toward inclusiveness for everyone. Diversity is about coming together and taking advantage of our differences and similarities. It is about building better communities and organizations that enhance us as individuals and reinforce our shared humanity.
When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone.
注意：此部分試題請在答題卡1上作答。
1. What bothered Tiffany during an interview with her candidate?? A
A) He just wouldn’t look her in the eye.
B) He was slow in answering her questions.
C) His resume didn’t provide the necessary information.
D) His answers to some of her questions were irrelevant.
分析：第一題，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Tiffany 結(jié)合bothered對應(yīng)在全文開頭的第二句話。A選項wouldn’t look her in the eye 對應(yīng)原文never made direct eye contact，正確。
2. What kind of organization is Mindsets LLC? B
A) A real estate agency.
B) A personnel training company.
C) A cultural exchange organization.
D) A hi-tech company.
分析：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Mindsets LLC對應(yīng)在全文第一個小標(biāo)題中。原文helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots 幫助公司和個人認(rèn)識到自身的盲區(qū)，并且在下文反復(fù)出現(xiàn)training、coaching、taught，可以得知這是一個培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，B選項正確。
3. Doug felt ____ when he realized that his assumption was wrong.
分析：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞Doug對應(yīng)在全文第三個小標(biāo)題。原文第二段開頭就出現(xiàn)了最高級的重要考點One of my most embarrassing moments，同時在第三段的中間出現(xiàn)了I felt very embarrassed in assuming he had his dates mixed up，題干中的wrong對應(yīng)mixed up，assumption對應(yīng)assuming，felt對應(yīng)felt，正確答案very embarrassed。
五．選詞填空：
選詞填空項目最大的突破點是A-O這15個備選答案的認(rèn)知，只要能認(rèn)識大部分選項就可以拿3分以上。選項的范圍可以參考上文所提到的單詞的記背范圍，尤其關(guān)注：1歷年考過的選詞填空選項；2歷年考過的復(fù)合式聽寫；3完形填空的選項
選詞填空解題三步驟：
（1）瀏覽選項，同時在15個備選答案后標(biāo)記詞性，共四大類詞性：名詞n、動詞v、形容詞a、副詞ad；
（2）以一個段落或3個空為一個單位進(jìn)行解答，不能直接判斷出詞義的判斷詞性；
（3）把對應(yīng)詞性的選項逐一帶回原文，含義通順時態(tài)主謂一致者為正確答案。
Every year in the first week of my English class, some students inform me that writing is too hard. They never write, unless assignments __1__ it. They find the writing process __2__ and difficult. （2009年6月）
A) closer????? B) daily????? C) emotional????? D) enhance?????? E) enormous
F) especially??? G) hinder????? H) mission???? I) painful???????? J) performance
K) profession??? L) remarkably?? M) require??? N) sensitive?????? O) urge
分析：第1題：前后詞assignments 和 it都是名詞，中間缺一個謂語動詞，根據(jù)語意，“每一年在我的第一周的英語課上都會有一些同學(xué)跟我說寫作非常難。他們從來不寫，除非有任務(wù)____”。在動詞中M) require正確。
第2題：根據(jù)后面的信息and difficult，并列連詞連結(jié)的應(yīng)該是相同詞性的兩個詞，因此應(yīng)該找形容詞，根據(jù)語意，“他們感覺寫作的過程是____并且困難的。在形容詞中I) painful正確。
六．時間規(guī)劃
最后的復(fù)習(xí)時間切忌不要大量做模擬題或預(yù)測題，應(yīng)該把以往做過的真題進(jìn)行反復(fù)總結(jié)，挖掘規(guī)律，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，避免相同的情況反復(fù)錯。每天拿出兩個小時的時間全面總結(jié)一套真題，水平必然會在不斷的分析總結(jié)中得到提升。
完
