1875年，德國(guó)基爾有一位名叫馬克斯?普朗克的年輕人猶豫不決，不知道這輩子究竟是該從事數(shù)學(xué)還是該從事物理學(xué)。人們由衷地勸他不要選擇物理學(xué)，因?yàn)槲锢韺W(xué)的重大問題都已得到解決。他們斬釘截鐵地告訴他，下個(gè)世紀(jì)將是個(gè)鞏固和提高的世紀(jì)，不是個(gè)革命的世紀(jì)。普朗克不聽，他鉆研理論物理學(xué)，潛心投入了熱力學(xué)的核心問題--熵的研究工作~~~

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Hints:
entropy
thermodynamics
ace

In 1875, when a young German in Kiel named Max Planck was deciding whether to devote his life to mathematics or to physics, he was urged most [-1-] not to choose physics because the [-2-] had all been made there. The coming century, he was assured, would be one of consolidation and refinement, not revolution. Planck didn't listen. [---3---]

Specifically it is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. Darrell Ebbing, in the textbook General Chemistry, very usefully suggests thinking of a deck of cards. [---4---] Shuffle the cards and you put them in a disordered state. [---5---] Of course, if you wish to have any observations published in a [-6-] journal you will need also to understand additional concepts such as thermal nonuniformities, lattice distances, and stoichiometric relationships, but that's the general idea.

In 1891 he produced his results and learned to his [-7-] that the important work on entropy had in fact been done already, in this instance by a [-8-] scholar at Yale University named J. Willard Gibbs.



heartily breakthroughs He studied theoretical physics and threw himself body and soul into work on entropy, a process at the heart of thermodynamics, which seemed to hold much promise for an ambitious young man. A new pack fresh out of the box, arranged by suit and in sequence from ace to king, can be said to be in its ordered state. Entropy is a way of measuring just how disordered that state is and of determining the likelihood of particular outcomes from further shuffles. respectable dismay retiring
1875年，德國(guó)基爾有一位名叫馬克斯?普朗克的年輕人猶豫不決，不知道這輩子究竟是該從事數(shù)學(xué)還是該從事物理學(xué)。人們由衷地勸他不要選擇物理學(xué)，因?yàn)槲锢韺W(xué)的重大問題都已得到解決。他們斬釘截鐵地告訴他，下個(gè)世紀(jì)將是個(gè)鞏固和提高的世紀(jì)，不是個(gè)革命的世紀(jì)。普朗克不聽，他鉆研理論物理學(xué)，潛心投入了熱力學(xué)的核心問題--熵的研究工作。 具體來說，它是物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)隨意或無序狀態(tài)的一種度量。達(dá)雷爾?埃賓在《普通化學(xué)》這本教材里用了一副撲克牌的有用比喻來加以說明。一副剛從盒子里取出來的新?lián)淇伺剖前凑栈ㄉ珡腁到K的順序來排列的。它可以說是處于有序狀態(tài)。把牌一洗撲克牌處于無序狀態(tài)。熵就是量度無序程度和確定再次洗牌以后可能產(chǎn)生的特定結(jié)果的一種方法。若要完全了解熵，你還必須懂許多概念，不如不均勻性、晶格距離、理想配比關(guān)系等，但那是一般概念。 　　在一個(gè)雄心勃勃的年輕人看來，研究這個(gè)問題似乎很有前途。1891年，他做出了成果，卻吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)于熵的這項(xiàng)重要工作實(shí)際上已經(jīng)有人做過。他是耶魯大學(xué)一位離群索居的學(xué)者，名叫J.威拉德?吉布斯。