考博英語語法總結

  過去分詞與形容詞的語義差:

  1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things

  the destructive power of modern weapons

  Damaged: being in a bad state

  emotionally damaged children

  2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements

  He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.

  Respectful: feeling or showing respect

  They listened in respectful silence.

  3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.

  Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.

  Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.

  4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.

  Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.

  5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.

  Lovable: a sweet lovable child

  Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.

  6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.

  Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds

  Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.

  虛擬語氣

  非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。

  1.不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別

  (1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作;而不定式作主語表示具體動作。

  Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)

  It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)

 ?。?)動名詞作主語時,通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。

  不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

  Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)

  Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)

 ?。?)不定式做主語,一般用it當形式主語,把作主語的不定式短語后置。

  It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

  2.不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別

  (1)不定式作表語

  1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作,特別是表示將來的動作。

  To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做兩件事等于未做。

  What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。

  2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件),表語也是不定式(表示結果)。

  To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

  To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。

  3)如果主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導的名詞性從句,不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。

  His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

  The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.

  The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.

  (2)動名詞作表語:動名詞作表語,表示抽象的一般性的行為。

  Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務。

  His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。

 ?。ㄗⅲ﹦用~作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結構迥異,進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語,說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。

  People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.

  His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.

 ?。?)分詞作表語

  分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)??嫉降牡胤?。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是“激動”,“高興”,而是“使激動”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說,若人對……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in.。.,若人/物本身有興趣時,就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有:

  interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的

  exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的

  delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的

  disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的

  encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的

  pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的

  puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的

  satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的

  surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的

  worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的

  Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。

  The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學生學得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。

  The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。

  They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。

  3.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別

  英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞作直接賓語,但有些動詞要求:

 ?。?)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語

  1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語

  attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視

  afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望

  arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算

  begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏

  appear似乎,顯得 determine決定 manage設法

  cease停止 hate憎恨,厭惡 pretend假裝

  ask問 dread害怕 need需要

  agree同意 desire愿望 love愛

  swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望

  bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供

  beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃

  bother擾亂;煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡,寧愿

  care關心,喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備

  decide決定 learn學習 regret抱歉,遺憾

  choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明

  claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾,允許

  start開始 undertake承接 want想要

  consent同意,贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕

  decide決定 learn學習 vow起

  contrive設法,圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議

  seek找,尋覓 try試圖

  2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補:動詞+賓語+動詞不定式

  ask要求,邀請 get請,得到 prompt促使

  allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡,寧愿

  announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使

  bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求

  assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定,表示

  advise勸告 exhort告誡,勉勵 pray請求

  authorize授權,委托 help幫助 recommend勸告,推薦

  bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒

  beg請求 induce引誘 report報告

  compel強迫 invite吸引,邀請, summon傳喚

  command命令 intend想要,企圖 show 顯示

  drive驅趕 mean意欲,打算 train訓練

  cause引起 instruct指示 require要求

  deserve應受 leave使,讓 tell告訴

  direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘

  entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡

  enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵,力說

  encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要

  condemn指責,譴責 lead引起,使得 teach教

  entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望

  (2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語

  acknowledge承認,自認 cease 停止 mention說到,講到

  admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡,討厭

  advocate:提倡,主張 complete完成 dread可怕

  appreciate 感激,欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受

  avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有,喜愛

  bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

  can’t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避

  can’t stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口

  consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想,愛好

  favor 造成,偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟

  figure描繪,計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨

  finish完成,結束不得 pardon原諒,饒恕 resist抵抗,阻止

  forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復

  imagine設想 postpone延遲,延期 risk冒險

  involve卷入,包含 practise 實行,實踐 suggest建議

  hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救,儲蓄

  keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持,忍受

  loathe非常討厭,厭惡 recall回想

  例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。

 ?。?)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別

  1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)

  forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)

  2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事

  stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事

  3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)

  remember doing記得做過某事(已做)

  4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾

  regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔

  5)try to do努力、企圖做某事

  try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法

  6) mean to do打算,有意要…

  mean doing意味著

  7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)

  go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)

  8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)

  proposing doing建議(做某事)

  9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念

  (注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如:

  I should like to see him tomorrow.

  10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

  Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

  You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動身。

  I don’t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)

  I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)

  You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

  Let’s try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。

  I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。

  This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種?。悖┚鸵M醫(yī)院。