八、 名詞詞組與分句互譯原則

漢語中的兩大成分地位較低，分別是賓語和定語。在英譯漢中，較長(zhǎng)的賓語從句常常會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞詞組，比如在第一個(gè)例句中的“how”如果翻譯為“如何化去稅款”這個(gè)賓語從句，在漢語中就顯得不倫不類，所有一些5W1H的疑問詞基本上都有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，如when（時(shí)間），where（地點(diǎn)），who（人選），why（原因）。此外，對(duì)于修飾語較多的名詞性短語，漢語也不喜歡用定語進(jìn)行堆砌，而偏向用簡(jiǎn)單的主謂短語，如第二個(gè)例子中把“the most skeptical Gates”翻譯成“一個(gè)持懷疑態(tài)度的蓋茨”，就不如變成主謂短語“蓋茨對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度”。

They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent.
基金會(huì)提供了一種方式，可以讓有錢人和大公司能實(shí)際支配花去稅款的方式。

But the most skeptical Gates of the new millennium is someone who evinces a passion for giving and government aid.
但新千年蓋茨對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度，熱衷于施舍和政府援助。

Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases.
現(xiàn)在，爭(zhēng)論已經(jīng)從制造嬰兒是否違背倫理，轉(zhuǎn)到為提取用于治療疾病的細(xì)胞和組織而克隆胚胎是否違背道德。

But such self-interest is hardly enlightened.
但這種做法只考慮個(gè)人利益，自然難以獲得支持。

The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university.
研究生是否存在，大學(xué)是否存在資金償還能力，這些都取決于項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。

九、 要詞原則

無論是中口還是高口翻譯篇章中，都有一些貌似十分簡(jiǎn)單的詞，但這些詞往往是這篇文章的殺手锏，難度往往高于那些成語、俗語和專業(yè)詞。比如在第一個(gè)例子中的collectively，一般的譯者馬上會(huì)理解為“總而言之”“概括起來”的意思，只有當(dāng)讀完整句的時(shí)候，才明白是把亞洲國(guó)家整體經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模“累加”起來，其中進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)性譯法，把副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞或名詞。這種詞在每次考試中至少會(huì)有一個(gè)，可以被認(rèn)為是拉開差距的地方?？忌缒馨l(fā)現(xiàn)其中的“弦外之音”，將會(huì)極大的鼓舞自己的士氣。

Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together.
亞洲國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)總量將超過其他國(guó)家地區(qū)的總和。

From a small beginning at the turn of the century ……
本世紀(jì)初，基金會(huì)的數(shù)量并不多。
　

Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich.
這些國(guó)家雖然呈現(xiàn)出欣欣向榮的態(tài)勢(shì)，但其中還有許多處于極端貧窮的弱勢(shì)人口，還有少部分人口極端富有。　

The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts.
無論來自于政府或商界，項(xiàng)目資金的重要特點(diǎn)是其建立在契約上，即不同的項(xiàng)目可以爭(zhēng)取相同的項(xiàng)目資金，因此調(diào)研人員要取得獨(dú)立，就必須得到連續(xù)的研究項(xiàng)目。

The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethnical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether.
在克隆問題上各方人士認(rèn)為，關(guān)于是否限制克隆、如何限制克隆或索性禁止克隆的科學(xué)及倫理問題，已經(jīng)使全國(guó)性立法變得撲朔迷離。而如今各種東拼西湊的法律，只會(huì)使全國(guó)性立法形成步履維艱。

A law that goes into effect on Jan.1 allows computer users in the state to refuse unwanted solicitations en masse and sue spammers who violate their wishers for as much as $1 million.
1月1日，加州通過一條法律，使得計(jì)算機(jī)用戶有權(quán)拒收垃圾郵件，并對(duì)郵件發(fā)送者提出訴訟，要求最高達(dá)一百萬美元的賠償。