人們一直以為電子繞原子核公轉(zhuǎn)是有固定軌道的，其實不然！目前為止正確的解釋是電子云的理論，即電子占滿自己所在空間范圍，如同云層一樣籠罩。這樣的理論在盧瑟福的年代是很難被人認同的，并且在那個年代還有好多無法解釋的結(jié)論，譬如數(shù)個同帶正電荷的質(zhì)子為什么會在捆綁在原子核里不被互相排斥~~~
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Hints:
Isaac Asimov
mote
Rutherford
The picture that nearly everybody has in mind of an atom is of an electron or two flying around a nucleus, like planets orbiting a sun. This image was created in 1904, based on little more than clever [-1-] , by a Japanese physicist named Hantaro Nagaoka. It is completely wrong, but durable just the same. [---2---] Even now CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, uses Nagaoka's image as a logo on its website. In fact, as physicists were soon to realize, electrons are not like orbiting planets at all, but more like the blades of a spinning fan, managing to fill every bit of space in their orbits [-3-] (but with the crucial difference that the blades of a fan only seem to be everywhere at once; electrons are).
Needless to say, very little of this was understood in 1910 or for many years afterward. [---4---] Conventional electrodynamic theory demanded that a flying electron should very quickly run out of energy—in only an instant or so—and spiral into the nucleus, with disastrous consequences for both. [---5---] Clearly whatever was going on down there in the world of the very small was not governed by the laws that applied in the macro world where our expectations reside.
guesswork As Isaac Asimov liked to note, it inspired generations of science fiction writers to create stories of worlds within worlds, in which atoms become tiny inhabited solar systems or our solar system turns out to be merely a mote in some much larger scheme. simultaneously Rutherford's finding presented some large and immediate problems, not least that no electron should be able to orbit a nucleus without crashing. There was also the problem of how protons with their positive charges could bundle together inside the nucleus without blowing themselves and the rest of the atom apart.
差不多人人的腦海里都有一幅原子圖，即一兩個電子繞著原子核飛速轉(zhuǎn)動，就像行星繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)動一樣。這個形象是1904年由一位名叫長岡半太郎的日本物理學家創(chuàng)建的，完全是一種聰明的憑空想像。它是完全錯的，但照樣很有生命力。正如艾薩克?阿西莫夫喜歡指出的，它給了一代又一代的科幻作家靈感，創(chuàng)作了世界中的世界的故事，原子成了有人居住的太陽系，我們的太陽系成了一個大得多的體系里的一顆微粒。連歐洲核子研究中心也把長岡所提出的圖像作為它網(wǎng)站的標記。物理學家很快就意識到，實際上，電子根本不像在軌道上運行的行星，更像是電扇旋轉(zhuǎn)著的葉片，想要同時填滿軌道上的每一空間。（但有個重要的不同之處，那就是，電扇葉片只是好像同時在每個地方，電子真的就同時在每個地方。） 不用說，在1910年，或在此后的許多年里，知道這類知識的人為數(shù)甚少。盧瑟福的發(fā)現(xiàn)馬上產(chǎn)生了幾個大問題。尤其是，圍繞原子核轉(zhuǎn)動的電子可能會墜毀。傳統(tǒng)的電動力學理論認為，飛速轉(zhuǎn)動的電子很快會把能量消耗殆盡--只是一剎那間--然后盤旋著飛進原子核，給二者都帶來災(zāi)難性的后果。還有一個問題，帶正電荷的質(zhì)子怎么能一起待在原子核里面，而又不把自己及原子的其他部分炸得粉碎。顯而易見，那個小天地里在發(fā)生的事，是不受適用于我們宏觀世界的規(guī)律支配的。