黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析 2003
2003 Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________.
[A] call on scientists to take some actions
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.
[A] cruel but natural
[B] inhuman and unacceptable
[C] inevitable but vicious
[D] pointless and wasteful
48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________.
[A] discontent with animal research
[B] ignorance about medical science
[C] indifference to epidemics
[D] anxiety about animal rights
49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________.
[A] communicate more with the public
[B] employ hi-tech means in research
[C] feel no shame for their cause
[D] strive to develop new cures
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.
[A] a well-known humanist
[B] a medical practitioner
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights
[D] a supporter of animal research
重點詞匯:
paraphrase /5pArEfreiz/ (n.v.釋意)即para+phrase,para-前綴表“在旁邊、輔助”,phrase即“短語;用短語表達(dá)”,故“用短語輔助表達(dá)”→釋意。以para-為前綴的單詞還有paragraph(文章的段、節(jié);短評)←para+graph寫;parameter(參數(shù))←para+meter計量;parasite(寄生蟲)←para+site地點。guangxian注:與真題文章開頭paraphrase時引用的Edmund Burke的話相類似的,在布魯斯·威利斯(Bruce Willis)主演的2003年影片Tears of the Sun結(jié)尾時整屏顯示的是:“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. — Edmund Burke”。
biomedical /7baiEu5medikEl/ (生物醫(yī)學(xué)的)←bio生物+medic醫(yī)療+al形容詞后綴。
respond /ris5pCnd/ (v.回復(fù);響應(yīng))即re+spond,re-(=back),spond詞根“請求”,于是“回復(fù)請求”→響應(yīng)。One of the few experiences which never pall is the experience for watching one's own interests, responds to new stimuli, and develops new thoughts.令人永不生厭的不多的幾種體驗之一,是觀察自己的頭腦,看它是如何產(chǎn)生新的興趣、對新的刺激作出反應(yīng)及發(fā)展新的思想。
advocate /5AdvEkit/ (v.提倡n.倡議者;辯護(hù)人)即ad+voc+ate,ad-前綴表“加強”,voc詞根意為“聲音”(即voice,因為元音可任意增減替換),-ate為動詞后綴(作名詞后綴時表“人”)。
argument /5B:^jumEnt/ (辯論;論據(jù),論點)為argue(v.辯論;主張)的名詞形式。Never argue at the dinner table, for the one who is not hungry always gets the best of the argument.絕不要在餐桌上爭論,因為肚子不餓的人總是占上風(fēng)。Truth is always the strongest argument.事實永遠(yuǎn)是最強有力的論據(jù)。argument — ①the longest distance between two points of view ②an event that leaves either party convinced that he is more correct 爭論——①兩種觀點之間的最遠(yuǎn)距離 ②一個使雙方都確信自己更正確的事件。
allegation /7Ali5^eiFEn/ (宣稱)即al+leg+ation,al-前綴表“加強”,leg詞根意為“說”(如legend→leg說+end名詞后綴表“物”→人們都在說的東西→傳奇),-ation名詞后綴。allege為其動詞形式。
perplex /pE5pleks/ (使困惑,使復(fù)雜化)即per+plex,per-前綴表“完全”,plex詞根意為“重疊”,故“完全重疊在一起分不清了”→困惑。同根詞為complex→com一起+plex→重疊在一起的→復(fù)雜的;綜合的;聯(lián)合體。
brochure /brEu5FjuE/ (小冊子)源自法語,詞形與brother相似→兄弟們每人手里拿著本小冊子。
immunization /7imju:nai5zeiFEn/ (免疫作用)←immune(免疫的;免除的),immunity(免疫;免除),immunize(使免疫;使免除)。Immune←im+mun+e,im-=in-表“否定”(因后接字母m,故in-變形為im-),mun(本為詞根,此不論)可分解為mu+n←讀作“母牛”←最初為防天花而施行的最有效的免疫法即是在奶牛身上試驗出來的,故謂之“種牛痘”。
vaccine /5vAksi:n/ (疫苗)即vacc(a)+ine,vacca是拉丁文“?!保ㄩ_頭兩字母V和A表帶角牛頭),-ine后綴多用于醫(yī)藥名詞(如medicine),該詞是當(dāng)初科學(xué)家發(fā)表“牛痘”論文時創(chuàng)造的。vaccination /7vAksi5neiFEn/ (接種疫苗)←vaccin(e)+ation名詞后綴。vaccine — a microbe with its face washed 疫苗——洗過臉的微生物。
epidemic /7epi5demik/ (流行的;流行病)與academic形似→學(xué)術(shù)思潮像流行病一樣流行。
deceptive /di5septiv/ (欺騙的,蒙蔽的)→deceive(v.欺騙,蒙蔽)→deception(n.欺騙,蒙蔽);類似單詞有receptive(善接受的)→receive(v.接收;招待)→reception(接收;招待;招待會)。Nature never deceives us; it is we who deceive ourselves.大自然從不欺騙我們,欺騙我們的是我們自己。deceptions — the oil to the wheels of life 欺騙——生活車輪的潤滑油。
ultimate /5Qltimit/ (最終的;根本的),馬丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King)說:The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.衡量一個人的最終尺度,不是看他在舒適順利的時候站在哪里,而是看他在受到非難和爭議的時候站在哪里。
recruit /ri5kru:t/ (v.征兵;招募n.新兵;新成員)即re+cruit,re-前綴表“反復(fù)”,cruit詞根意為“創(chuàng)造”(=create,因為元音字母可增減替換),玩星際(zerg,哈哈)的時候不就要拼命“反復(fù)、一再”地create兵嗎?
vicious /5viFEs/ (邪惡的,惡毒的)即vic(e)+ious,vice即名詞“邪惡”,-ious為形容詞后綴。The more virtuous any man is, the less easily does he suspect others to be vicious.任何人越高尚,就越不容易疑心別人邪惡。
ignorance /5i^nErEns/ (無知;不知道)即ig+nor(e)+ance,ig-否定前綴,nor詞根表“知道”=know,-ance名詞后綴。ignorant(無知的);ignore(v.忽視)。It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument.在爭論中無法擊敗無知者。Not ignorance, but the ignorance of ignorance, is the death of knowledge.不是無知,而是對無知的無知,才是知識的死亡。ignorance — when you don't know something and somebody finds it out 無知——你不知道某事而又被人發(fā)現(xiàn)了。The more you study, the more you'll find yourself ignorant.越學(xué)習(xí)越會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無知。ignorant person — is one who doesn't know what you have just found out 無知的人——不知道你剛剛發(fā)現(xiàn)的事情的人。
extinguish /iks5tiN^wiF/ (v.熄滅,滅絕)→extinct(a.熄滅的,滅絕的),類似的有distinguish(v.區(qū)別,辨別)→distinct(獨特的,明顯的)。Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small, it inflames the great.離別之于愛情有如風(fēng)之于火,它熄滅小火,卻使大火燃燒更旺。
bypass /5baipB:s/ 心臟搭橋;ember /5embE/ 灰燼(但火焰尚未完全熄滅),多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
難句解析:
①All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.
▲本句的謂語動詞是后邊的is。主語中心詞是all。all的后邊接了一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。謂語動詞is的后邊是一個表語從句。
△此句話不長,但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不簡單。要想把意思看透徹應(yīng)該從抓主干成分開始,然后仔細(xì)琢磨詞與詞之間的修飾關(guān)系。同時還應(yīng)體會兩個that的不同用法。第一個that在定語從句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)主語,第二個that是引導(dǎo)表語從句的,不充當(dāng)成分。
②Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.
▲逗號的前邊是主句,主句可以縮為Scientists need to respond to advocates。逗號的后邊是一個非限定性定語從句,whose指代的是animal rights advocates。and把confusing和threatening連接了起來。
△體會一下thereby的用法。從此句中可以看出thereby并沒有連接句子,它是副詞,表示“借以”、“由此”、“在那一點上”、“在那一方面”,相當(dāng)于by that means、in that connection。
③For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines.
▲本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是a woman was distributing a brochure。brochure的后邊跟了一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,限定修飾brochure。anything的后邊也接一個定語從句限定修飾anything。
△staff在此句中作動詞使用,意思為provide with、act as。現(xiàn)在分詞短語staffing an animal rights booth作woman的后置定語。
④To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
▲本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)在最后一個逗號的后邊,即animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines,此部分的主干成分是to those,those的后邊跟了一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
△...at best ...at worst是一個非常地道的英文表達(dá)形式,可以譯為“往最好的方面看……往最壞的方面看……”。
⑤Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.
▲本句是由because連接的兩個句子。主句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是the health research community should recruit to its cause not only... but...。Stephen Cooper的后邊接了一個who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,用來補充說明他的情況。
△本句是本篇文章中最長的一個句子,有一定的難度。閱讀的突破點還是應(yīng)該努力抓其最核心的主干部分。另外還要抓住not only... but...之間的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
試題解析:
這是一篇論說文。文章的內(nèi)容大致是這樣的:作者舉例說明許多動物權(quán)益保護(hù)者并不了解生物醫(yī)學(xué)的真實情況和意義,而一味地反對生物醫(yī)學(xué),使廣大群眾也受到了蒙蔽。針對這一點,作者指出科學(xué)家應(yīng)采取措施與大眾多交流,避免由于人們的無知而阻礙了生物醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展。
基于這篇文章的5個小題考查了考生把握文章要義的能力,理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)的能力以及推理、引申的能力。從考生的答題情況看,這篇文章的題目是四篇文章中最簡單的。5個小題的區(qū)分度都較好。
46. [A]
該小題問的是作者在篇首引用Edmund Burke的話的含義。
這道題與第42小題有類似之處,實際上考查了考生對文章主旨要義的理解。篇首的話在篇尾得到了呼應(yīng):“If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.”。一首一尾的呼應(yīng)突出了這篇文章的中心:呼喚科學(xué)家們采取行動,切勿讓人們的無知阻礙了醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展。所以應(yīng)該選A。答對的考生有31.6%,屬中等難度的題目,區(qū)分度較好。
有43.4%的考生選擇了B,錯誤的原因在于沒有抓住文章的中心要義。
47. [B]
該題問的是受誤導(dǎo)的人們是怎樣看待用動物做試驗的。
從前兩段和第三段的最后一句中,我們了解到,受到誤導(dǎo)的人們認(rèn)為用動物做研究是殘酷的、不可思議的。四個選項中,B最符合原文。
A項中提到了“cruel”,但是“natural”不對,正相反,人們認(rèn)為那是非常不合情理的。
C項說的是“不可避免的,但含有惡意的”,也不正確。
D項說的是“毫無意義,浪費的”。實際上,人們的反對態(tài)度很強烈。D項雖無原則上的錯誤,但是不如B項更貼近原文意思。
該題屬于中等難度偏易的題目,區(qū)分度較好。
48. [B]
該題主要是考查考生是否理解論據(jù)在文章中的作用,是否能從眾多信息中找出作者的觀點。
這個例子不難理解,說的是一位老太太向大家散發(fā)傳單,號召大家不要用任何來自于動物或在動物身上試驗過的東西。當(dāng)問及是否反對使用疫苗時,老太大并不知道疫苗是從動物研究中得來的。她認(rèn)為,若疫苗也來源于動物,那么就不應(yīng)使用疫苗,流行病自有科學(xué)家們用計算機來解決??梢娎咸珜茖W(xué)的無知。而她的這種無知是很普遍的。第二段最后一句話感嘆:“Such well-meaning people just don't understand.”(這些好心人壓根就不明白)。所以答案為B。
有部分考生選擇了A,我們一起看一下A為什么不對。A說的是公眾對動物試驗的不滿。的確,人們很反感用動物做試驗,但是,老太太的例子就是為了說明這一點嗎?這個論據(jù)反映的是什么論點呢?考生可以從全文的角度看。文章的重點不在描寫公眾有多憤怒,而在于指出公眾不滿的根源——對醫(yī)學(xué)研究不了解,然后呼喚科學(xué)家們針對這個根源采取行動。所以老太太的例子反映的是公眾的無知。A不正確。
C、D也是類似錯誤。
該小題屬中等難度題,區(qū)分度較好。
49. [A]
該題考查的是考生對作者觀點的理解,解題線索可在最后兩段中找出。作者向科學(xué)家們提出的建議都是有助于他們與公眾更好的交流。答案很明顯,是A。
該題屬較容易的題,區(qū)分度很理想。
50. [D]
該題考查考生的推理能力。
從最后一段,我們可以找到線索:“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research...”。從這句話中,我們知道Cooper是個名人,也是病患者,他曾經(jīng)高度贊揚過動物研究的價值。所以,我們可以推斷出他是支持動物研究的。答案是D。
該小題屬中等難度偏易的題目。
全文翻譯:
18世紀(jì)政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾說過類似這樣的話,“一個被誤導(dǎo)的事業(yè)如果要成功,它惟一需要的是好人無所作為”。一個這樣的事業(yè)現(xiàn)在正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究,因為有這樣一種理論說,動物享有權(quán)利禁止它們被用于實驗。科學(xué)家應(yīng)該對動物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出強有力的回應(yīng),因為他們的言論混淆了公眾的視聽,從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識和衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的進(jìn)步。動物權(quán)利運動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者將矛頭指向生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究,原因在于它依賴公共資金的資助,并且很少有人懂得醫(yī)學(xué)研究的過程。當(dāng)人們聽到醫(yī)學(xué)實驗虐待動物的指控時,許多人都不明白為什么有人會故意傷害動物。
例如,在近期的一次集市上,一位老奶奶站在動物權(quán)利宣傳點前散發(fā)小冊子,規(guī)勸人們不要使用動物制品和動物實驗制品——肉類,毛皮,藥物。當(dāng)被問到她是否反對免疫接種時,她問疫苗是否來自動物實驗。當(dāng)被告知的確如此,她回答道,“那么我不得不說,是的,我反對接種”。當(dāng)被問到瘟疫爆發(fā)怎么辦時,她說,“不用擔(dān)心,科學(xué)家會找到一種方法,用計算機來解決問題”???,這樣好心的人們就是不明白。
科學(xué)家必須把他們的意思傳達(dá)給公眾,并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的語言,一般人能夠明白的語言,而不要使用分子生物學(xué)的語言。我們需要說明動物實驗與祖母的髖骨更換、父親的心臟搭橋、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的注射針劑都密切相關(guān)。許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進(jìn)行動物實驗。對于他們來說,動物實驗說得好是浪費,說得不好是殘忍。
有很多事情可以做。科學(xué)家可以進(jìn)入中學(xué)課堂,展示他們的實驗結(jié)果。他們應(yīng)該對報刊的讀者來信及時做出反應(yīng),以防止動物權(quán)利的誤導(dǎo)言論在毫無質(zhì)疑的情況下橫行,從而獲得一副真理的面容??蒲袡C構(gòu)應(yīng)該對外開放,讓人參觀,向人們展示實驗室里的動物獲得了人道的對待。最后,因為最終決定因素是病人,醫(yī)療研究機構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭取斯蒂芬·庫柏這樣的名人的支持——他對動物實驗的價值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定——而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。如果好人無所作為,一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的寶貴火種。
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