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這是一篇涉及“物質(zhì)濫用”的文章。

aspirin

We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
我們生活在一個物質(zhì)(藥物)在醫(yī)療和社交方面使用廣泛的社會里:用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林,用來應酬的酒,早晨用來提神的咖啡,還有定神用的香煙。這些物質(zhì)的使用得到了社會認可,且顯然具有積極的作用,但什么時候就變成濫用了呢?首先,大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負面影響,如中毒或嚴重的知覺錯亂。反復使用一種物質(zhì)可以導致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量,要產(chǎn)生預期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大,然后是一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。