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the Normans 諾曼人

Chaucer? 喬叟(英國作家)

Clark and Eschholz (人名)
Now let's come to the Middle English. In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, which is part of modern France, invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors called the Normans brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer. Middle English was still a Germanic language but it is different from Old English in many ways. Grammar and the sound system changed a good deal. People started to rely more on word order and structure words to express their meaning rather than the use of case system. "This can be called as a simplification but it is not exactly. Languages don't become simpler, they merely exchange one kind of complexity for another", Clark and Eschholz says. Middle English would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today. Following up is the early Modern English. Towards the end of Middle English, English underwent a couple of sound changes. One change was the elimination of a vowel sound in certain unstressed positions at the end of the words. The change was important because it affected thousands of words and gave a different aspect to the whole language.
現(xiàn)在,讓我們談談中世紀英語。1066年,諾曼底公爵——征服者威廉(諾曼底是如今法國的一部分)入侵并征服了英格蘭。新征服者是諾曼人,他們說法語,隨后法語變成了宮廷、統(tǒng)治階級和商業(yè)階層的語言。這一時期出現(xiàn)了語言階級分化,下層人說英語,上層社會說法語。14世紀,英語在英國重新興起,但融入了大量法語詞,這種語言就是中世紀英語。著名詩人喬叟就用這種語言寫作。中世紀英語仍然屬于日耳曼語系,但其與古英語不同。語法和語音系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了很大變化,人們開始更多地依賴詞序和結(jié)構(gòu)詞來表達自己的意思。正如克拉克和艾斯霍爾茨所說:“這不完全是古英語的簡化。語言沒有變得簡單,只是與另一難點做了互換”。如今,以英語為母語的人理解中世紀英語還是很困難。 接下來是早期近代英語。中世紀英語末期,英語經(jīng)歷了語音變化。其中之一就是消除了詞尾非重讀位置的一個元音字母。這個變化非常重要,因為它影響了上千英語詞匯,使這門語言有了不同的內(nèi)涵。