第四十一條 人民法院審理第二審民事案件，由審判員組成合議庭。

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Article 41 The people's court of second instance shall try civil cases by a collegial panel of judges.

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合議庭的成員人數，必須是單數。

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The collegial panel must have an odd number of members.

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發(fā)回重審的案件，原審人民法院應當按照第一審程序另行組成合議庭。

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"For the retrial of a remanded case, the people's court of first instance shall form a new collegial panel in accordance with the procedure of first instance."

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審理再審案件，原來是第一審的，按照第一審程序另行組成合議庭；

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" If a case for retrial was originally tried at first instance, a new collegial panel shall be formed according to the procedure of first instance; "

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原來是第二審的或者是上級人民法院提審的，按照第二審程序另行組成合議庭。

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"if the case was originally tried at second instance or was brought by a people's court at a higher level to it for trial, a new collegial panel shall be formed according to the procedure of second instance."

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第四十二條 合議庭的審判長由院長或者庭長指定審判員一人擔任；院長或者庭長參加審判的，由院長或者庭長擔任。

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"Article 42 The president of the court or the chief judge of a division of the court shall designate a judge to serve as the presiding judge of the collegial panel; if the president or the chief judge participates in the trial, he himself shall serve as the presiding judge."

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第四十三條 合議庭評議案件，實行少數服從多數的原則。

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"Article 43 When deliberating a case, a collegial panel shall observe the rule of majority. "

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評議應當制作筆錄，由合議庭成員簽名。

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"The deliberations shall be recorded in writing, and the transcript shall be signed by the members of the collegial panel."

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評議中的不同意見，必須如實記入筆錄。

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Dissenting opinions in the deliberations must be truthfully entered in the transcript.

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第四十四條 審判人員應當依法秉公辦案。

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Article 44 The judicial officers shall deal with all cases impartially and in accordance with the law.

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審判人員不得接受當事人及其訴訟代理人請客送禮。

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The judicial officers shall not accept any treat or gift from the parties or their agents ad litem.

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審判人員有貪污受賄，徇私舞弊，枉法裁判行為的，應當追究法律責任；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。

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"Any judicial officer who commits embezzlement, accepts bribes, engages in malpractice for personal benefits or who perverts the law in passing judgment shall be investigated for legal responsibility; if the act constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to the law."

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第四章 回 避

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Chapter IV Withdrawal

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第四十五條 審判人員有下列情形之一的，必須回避，當事人有權用口頭或者書面方式申請他們回避：

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"Article 45 A judicial officer shall of himself withdraw from the case, and the parties thereto shall be entitled to apply orally or in writing for his withdrawal in any of the following circumstances: "

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（一）是本案當事人或者當事人、訴訟代理人的近親屬；

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(1) he being a party to the case or a near relative of a party or an agent ad litem in the case;

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（二）與本案有利害關系；

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?(2) he being an interested party in the case;

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（三）與本案當事人有其他關系，可能影響對案件公正審理的。

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"or (3) he having some other kind of relationship with a party to the case, which might affect the impartiality of the trial."

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前款規(guī)定，適用于書記員、翻譯人員、鑒定人、勘驗人。

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"The above provisions shall also apply to clerks, interpreters, expert witnesses and inspection personnel."

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第四十六條 當事人提出回避申請，應當說明理由，在案件開始審理時提出；

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"Article 46 In applying for the withdrawal, the party shall state the reason and submit the application at the beginning of the proceedings; "

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回避事由在案件開始審理后知道的，也可以在法庭辯論終結前提出。

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the application may also be submitted before the closing of arguments in court if the reason for the withdrawal is known to him only after the proceedings begin.

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被申請回避的人員在人民法院作出是否回避的決定前，應當暫停參與本案的工作，但案件需要采取緊急措施的除外。

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"Pending a decision by the people's court regarding the withdrawal applied for, the judicial officer concerned shall temporarily suspend his participation in the proceedings, with the exception, however, of cases that require the taking of emergency measures."

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第四十七條 院長擔任審判長時的回避，由審判委員會決定；審判人員的回避，由院長決定；其他人員的回避，由審判長決定。

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Article 47 The withdrawal of the presiding judge who is president of the court shall be decided by the judicial committee; the withdrawal of judicial officers shall be decided by the court president; and the withdrawal of other personnel by the presiding judge.

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第四十八條 人民法院對當事人提出的回避申請，應當在申請?zhí)岢龅娜諆?，以口頭或者書面形式作出決定。

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Article 48 The decision of a people's court on an application made by any party for withdrawal shall be made orally or in writing within three days after the application was made.

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申請人對決定不服的，可以在接到決定時申請復議一次。

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"If the applicant is not satisfied with the decision, he may apply for reconsideration which could be granted only once.? "

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復議期間，被申請回避的人員，不停止參與本案的工作。

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"During the period of reconsideration, the person whose withdrawal has been applied for shall not suspend his participation in the proceedings."

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人民法院對復議申請，應當在三日內作出復議決定，并通知復議申請人。

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The decision of a people's court on the reconsideration shall be made within three days after receiving the application and the applicant shall be notified of it accordingly.

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第五章 訴訟參加人 第一節(jié) 當事人

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Chapter V Participants in Proceedings　Section 1 Parties

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第四十九條 公民、法人和其他組織可以作為民事訴訟的當事人。

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"Article 49 Any citizen, legal person and any other organization may become a party to a civil action."

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法人由其法定代表人進行訴訟。

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Legal persons shall be represented by their legal representatives in the litigation.

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其他組織由其主要負責人進行訴訟。

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?Other organizations shall be represented by their principal heads in the proceedings.

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第五十條 當事人有權委托代理人，提出回避申請，收集、提供證據，進行辯論，請求調解，提起上訴，申請執(zhí)行。

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"Article 50 Parties to an action shall have the right to appoint agents, apply for withdrawals, collect and provide evidence, proffer arguments, request conciliation, file an appeal and apply for execution."

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當事人可以查閱本案有關材料，并可以復制本案有關材料和法律文書。

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Parties to an action may have access to materials pertaining to the case and make copies thereof and other legal documents pertaining to the case.

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查閱、復制本案有關材料的范圍和辦法由最高人民法院規(guī)定。

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The scope of and rules for consulting and making copies of them shall be specified by the Supreme People's Court.

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當事人必須依法行使訴訟權利，遵守訴訟秩序，履行發(fā)生法律效力的判決書、裁定書和調解書。

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"Parties to an action must exercise their litigation rights in accordance with the law, observe the procedures and carry out legally effective written judgments or orders and conciliation statements."

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第五十一條 雙方當事人可以自行和解。

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Article 51 The two parties may reach a compromise of their own accord.

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第五十二條 原告可以放棄或者變更訴訟請求。

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Article 52 The plaintiff may relinquish or modify his claims.

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被告可以承認或者反駁訴訟請求，有權提起反訴。

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The defendant may admit or rebut the claims and shall have the right to file counterclaims.

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第五十三條 當事人一方或者雙方為二人以上，其訴訟標的是共同的，或者訴訟標的是同一種類、人民法院認為可以合并審理并經當事人同意的，為共同訴訟。

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"Article 53 When one party or both parties consist of two or more than two persons, their object of action being the same or of the same category and the people's court considers that, with the consent of the parties, the action can be tried combined, it is a joint action."

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共同訴訟的一方當事人對訴訟標的有共同權利義務的，其中一人的訴訟行為經其他共同訴訟人承認，對其他共同訴訟人發(fā)生效力；

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"If a party of two or more persons to a joint action have common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action and the act of any one of them is recognized by the others of the party, such an act shall be valid for all the rest of the party; "

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對訴訟標的沒有共同權利義務的，其中一人的訴訟行為對其他共同訴訟人不發(fā)生效力。

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"if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action, the act of any one of them shall not be valid for the rest."

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第五十四條 當事人一方人數眾多的共同訴訟，可以由當事人推選代表人進行訴訟。

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"Article 54 If the persons comprising a party to a joint action is large in number, the party may elect representatives from among themselves to act for them in the litigation. "

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代表人的訴訟行為對其所代表的當事人發(fā)生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請求或者承認對方當事人的訴訟請求，進行和解，必須經被代表的當事人同意。

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"The acts of such representatives in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent. However, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent."

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第五十五條 訴訟標的是同一種類、當事人一方人數眾多在起訴時人數尚未確定的，人民法院可以發(fā)出公告，說明案件情況和訴訟請求，通知權利人在一定期間向人民法院登記。

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"Article 55 Where the object of action is of the same category and the persons comprising one of the parties is large but uncertain in number at the commencement of the action, the people's court may issue a public notice, stating the particulars and claims of the case and informing those entitled to participate in the action to register their rights with the people's court within a fixed period of time."

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向人民法院登記的權利人可以推選代表人進行訴訟；

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Those who have registered their rights with the people's court may elect representatives from among themselves to proceed with the litigation;

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推選不出代表人的，人民法院可以與參加登記的權利人商定代表人。

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"if the election fails its purpose, such representatives may be determined by the people's court through consultation with those who have registered their rights with the court."

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代表人的訴訟行為對其所代表的當事人發(fā)生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請求或者承認對方當事人的訴訟請求，進行和解，必須經被代表的當事人同意。

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"The acts of such representative in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent; however, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent."

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人民法院作出的判決、裁定，對參加登記的全體權利人發(fā)生效力。

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The judgments or written orders rendered by the people's court shall be valid for all those who have registered their rights with the court.

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未參加登記的權利人在訴訟時效期間提起訴訟的，適用該判決、裁定。

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Such judgments or written orders shall apply to those who have not registered their rights but have instituted legal proceedings during period of limitation of the action.

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第五十六條 對當事人雙方的訴訟標的，第三人認為有獨立請求權的，有權提起訴訟。

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"Article 56 If a third party considers that he has an independent claim to the object of action of both parties, he shall have the right to bring an action."

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對當事人雙方的訴訟標的，第三人雖然沒有獨立請求權，但案件處理結果同他有法律上的利害關系的，可以申請參加訴訟，或者由人民法院通知他參加訴訟。

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"Where the outcome of the case will affect a third party's legal interest, such party, though having no independent claim to the object of action of both parties, may file a request to participate in the proceedings or the people's court shall notify the third party to participate. "

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人民法院判決承擔民事責任的第三人，有當事人的訴訟權利義務。

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A third party that is to bear civil liability in accordance with the judgment of the people's court shall be entitled to the rights and obligations of a party in litigation.

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第二節(jié) 訴訟代理人

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Section 2 Agents ad Litem

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第五十七條 無訴訟行為能力人由他的監(jiān)護人作為法定代理人代為訴訟。

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Article 57 Any person with no legal capacity to engage in litigation shall have his guardian or guardians as statutory agents to act for him in a lawsuit.

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法定代理人之間互相推諉代理責任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代為訴訟。

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"If the statutory agents try to shift responsibility as agents ad litem upon one another, the people's court shall appoint one of them to represent the person in litigation."

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第五十八條 當事人、法定代理人可以委托一至二人作為訴訟代理人。

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"Article 58 A party to an action, or statutory agent may appoint one or two persons to act as his agents ad litem."

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律師、當事人的近親屬、有關的社會團體或者所在單位推薦的人、經人民法院許可的其他公民，都可以被委托為訴訟代理人。

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"A lawyer, a near relative of the party, a person recommended by a relevant social organization or a unit to which the party belongs or any other citizen approved by the people's court may be appointed as the party's agent ad litem."

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第五十九條 委托他人代為訴訟，必須向人民法院提交由委托人簽名或者蓋章的授權委托書。

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"Article 59 When a person appoints another to act on his behalf in litigation, he must submit to the people's court a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal."

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授權委托書必須記明委托事項和權限。

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The power of attorney must specify the matters entrusted and the powers conferred.

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訴訟代理人代為承認、放棄、變更訴訟請求，進行和解，提起反訴或者上訴，必須有委托人的特別授權。

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"An agent ad litem must obtain special powers from his principal to admit, waive or modify claims, or to compromise or to file a counterclaim or an appeal."

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僑居在國外的中華人民共和國公民從國外寄交或者托交的授權委托書，必須經中華人民共和國駐該國的使領館證明；

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A power of attorney mailed or delivered through others by a citizen of the People's Republic of China residing abroad must be certified by the Chinese embassy or consulate accredited to that country.

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沒有使領館的，由與中華人民共和國有外交關系的第三國駐該國的使領館證明，再轉由中華人民共和國駐該第三國使領館證明，或者由當地的愛國華僑團體證明。

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"If there is no Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, the power of attorney must be certified by an embassy or a consulate of a third country accredited to that country that has diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and then transmitted for authentication to the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China accredited to that third country, or it must be certified by a local patriotic overseas Chinese organization."

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第六十條 訴訟代理人的權限如果變更或者解除，當事人應當書面告知人民法院，并由人民法院通知對方當事人。

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"Article 60 A party to an action shall inform the people's court in writing if he changes or revokes the powers of an agent ad litem, and the court shall notify the other party of the change or revocation."