第八十一條 國家所有的森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂、水面等自然資源，可以依法由全民所有制單位使用，也可以依法確定由集體所有制單位使用，國家保護它的使用、收益的權利；使用單位有管理、保護、合理利用的義務。

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Article 81 State-owned forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches, water surfaces and other natural resources may be used according to law by units under ownership by the whole people; or they may also be lawfully assigned for use by units under collective ownership. The state shall protect the usufruct of those resources, and the usufructuary shall be obliged to manage, protect and properly use them.

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國家所有的礦藏，可以依法由全民所有制單位和集體所有制單位開采，也可以依法由公民采挖。國家保護合法的采礦權。

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State-owned mineral resources may be mined according to law by units under ownership by the whole people and units under collective ownership;

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公民、集體依法對集體所有的或者國家所有由集體使用的森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂、水面的承包經營權，受法律保護。

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citizens may also lawfully mine such resources. The state shall protect lawful mining rights.

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承包雙方的權利和義務，依照法律由承包合同規(guī)定。

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The rights and obligations of the two contracting parties shall be stipulated in the contract in accordance with the law.

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國家所有的礦藏、水流，國家所有的和法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的林地、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂不得買賣、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法轉讓。

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State-owned mineral resources and waters as well as forest land, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches owned by the state and those that are lawfully owned by collectives may not be sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred by any other means.

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第八十二條 全民所有制企業(yè)對國家授予它經營管理的財產依法享有經營權，受法律保護。

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Article 82 Enterprises under ownership by the whole people shall lawfully enjoy the rights of management over property that the state has authorized them to manage and operate, and the rights shall be protected by law.

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第八十三條 不動產的相鄰各方，應當按照有利生產、方便生活、團結互助、公平合理的精神，正確處理截水、排水、通行、通風、采光等方面的相鄰關系。給相鄰方造成妨礙或者損失的，應當停止侵害，排除妨礙，賠償損失。

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Article 83 In the spirit of helping production, making things convenient for people's lives, enhancing unity and mutual assistance, and being fair and reasonable, neighbouring users of real estate shall maintain proper neighbourly relations over such matters as water supply, drainage, passageway, ventilation and lighting. Anyone who causes obstruction or damage to his neighbour, shall stop the infringement, eliminate the obstruction and compensate for the damage.

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第五章 民事權利 第二節(jié) 債 權

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Section 2 Creditors' Rights

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第八十四條 債是按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規(guī)定，在當事人之間產生的特定的權利和義務關系，享有權利的人是債權人，負有義務的人是債務人。

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Article 84 A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligations established between the parties concerned, either according to the agreed terms of a contract or legal provisions. The party entitled to the rights shall be the creditor, and the party assuming the obligations shall be the debtor.

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債權人有權要求債務人按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規(guī)定履行義務。

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The creditor shall have the right to demand that the debtor fulfil his obligations as specified by the contract or according to legal provisions.

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第八十五條 合同是當事人之間設立、變更、終止民事關系的協議。依法成立的合同，受法律保護。

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Article 85 A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship. Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law.

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第八十六條 債權人為二人以上的，按照確定的份額分享權利。債務人為二人以上的，按照確定的份額分擔義務。

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Article 86 When there are two or more creditors to a deal, each creditor shall be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit. When there are two or more debtors to a deal, each debtor shall assume obligations in proportion to his share of the debt.

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第八十七條 債權人或者債務人一方人數為二人以上的，依照法律的規(guī)定或者當事人的約定，享有連帶權利的每個債權人，都有權要求債務人履行義務；負有連帶義務的每個債務人，都負有清償全部債務的義務，履行了義務的人，有權要求其他負有連帶義務的人償付他應當承擔的份額。

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Article 87 When there are two or more creditors or debtors to a deal, each of the joint creditors shall be entitled to demand that the debtor fulfil his obligations, in accordance with legal provisions or the agreement between the parties; each of the joint debtors shall be obliged to perform the entire debt, and the debtor who performs the entire debt shall be entitled to ask the other joint debtors to reimburse him for their shares of the debt.

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第八十八條 合同的當事人應當按照合同的約定，全部履行自己的義務。

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Article 88 The parties to a contract shall fully fulfil their obligations pursuant to the terms of the contract.

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合同中有關質量、期限、地點或者價款約定不明確，按照合同有關條款內容不能確定，當事人又不能通過協商達成協議的，適用下列規(guī)定：

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If a contract contains ambiguous terms regarding quality, time limit for performance, place of performance, or price, and the intended meaning cannot be determined from the context of relevant terms in the contract, and if the parties cannot reach an agreement through consultation, the provisions below shall apply:

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（一）質量要求不明確的，按照國家質量標準履行，沒有國家質量標準的，按照通常標準履行。

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(1) If quality requirements are unclear, state quality standards shall apply; if there are no state quality standards, generally held standards shall apply.

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（二）履行期限不明確的，債務人可以隨時向債權人履行義務，債權人也可以隨時要求債務人履行義務，但應當給對方必要的準備時間。

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(2) If the time limit for performance is unclear, the debtor may at his convenience fulfill his obligations towards the creditor; the creditor may also demand at any time that the debtor perform his obligations, but sufficient notice shall be given to the debtor.

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（三）履行地點不明確，給付貨幣的，在接受給付一方的所在地履行，其他標的在履行義務一方的所在地履行。

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(3) If the place of performance is unclear, and the payment is money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party receiving the payment; if the payment is other than money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party fulfilling the obligations.

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（四）價款約定不明確的，按照國家規(guī)定的價格履行；沒有國家規(guī)定價格的，參照市場價格或者同類物品的價格或者同類勞務的報酬標準履行。

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(4) If the price agreed by the parties is unclear, the state-fixed price shall apply. If there is no state-fixed price, the price shall be based on market price or the price of a similar article or remuneration for a similar service.

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合同對專利申請權沒有約定的，完成發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的當事人享有申請權。

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If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patent application, any party who has completed an invention-creation shall have the right to apply for a patent.

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合同對科技成果的使用權沒有約定的，當事人都有使用的權利。

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If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patent application, and technological research achievements, the parties shall all have the right to use such achievements.

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第八十九條 依照法律的規(guī)定或者按照當事人的約定，可以采用下列方式擔保債務的履行：

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Article 89 In accordance with legal provisions the agreement between the parties on the performance of a debt may be guaranteed using the methods below:

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（一）保證人向債權人保證債務人履行債務，債務人不履行債務的，按照約定由保證人履行或者承擔連帶責任；保證人履行債務后，有權向債務人追償。

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(1) A guarantor may guarantee to the creditor that the debtor shall perform his debt. If the debtor defaults, the guarantor shall perform the debt or bear joint liability according to agreement. After performing the debt, the guarantor shall have the right to claim repayment from the debtor.

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（二）債務人或者第三人可以提供一定的財產作為抵押物。

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(2) The debtor or a third party may offer a specific property as a pledge.

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債務人不履行債務的，債權人有權依照法律的規(guī)定以抵押物折價或者以變賣抵押物的價款優(yōu)先得到償還。

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If the debtor defaults, the creditors shall be entitled to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge pursuant to relevant legal provisions.

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（三）當事人一方在法律規(guī)定的范圍內可以向對方給付定金。債務人履行債務后，定金應當抵作價款或者收回。給付定金的一方不履行債務的，無權要求返還定金；接受定金的一方不履行債務的，應當雙倍返還定金。

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(3) Within the limits of relevant legal provisions, a party may leave a deposit with the other party. After the debtor has discharged his debt, the deposit shall either be retained as partial payment of the debt or be returned. If the party who leaves the deposit defaults, he shall not be entitled to demand the return of the deposit; if the party who accepts the deposit defaults, he shall repay the deposit in double.

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（四）按照合同約定一方占有對方的財產，對方不按照合同給付應付款項超過約定期限的，占有人有權留置該財產，依照法律的規(guī)定以留置財產折價或者以變賣該財產的價款優(yōu)先得到償還。

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(4) If a party has possession of the other party's property according to contract and the other party violates the contract by failing to pay a required sum of money within the specified time limit, the possessor shall have a lien on the property and may keep the retained property to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the property pursuant to relevant legal provisions.

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第九十條 合法的借貸關系受法律保護。

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Article 90 Legitimate loan relationships shall be protected by law.

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第九十一條 合同一方將合同的權利、義務全部或者部分轉讓給第三人的，應當取得合同另一方的同意，并不得牟利。依照法律規(guī)定應當由國家批準的合同，需經原批準機關批準。但是，法律另有規(guī)定或者原合同另有約定的除外。

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Article 91 If a party to a contract transfers all or part of his contractual rights or obligations to a third party, he shall obtain the other party's consent and may not seek profits therefrom. Contracts which according to legal provisions are subject to state approval, such as transfers, must be approved by the authority that originally approved the contract, unless the law or the original contract stipulates otherwise.

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第九十二條 沒有合法根據，取得不當利益，造成他人損失的，應當將取得的不當利益返還受損失的人。

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Article 92 If profits are acquired improperly and without a lawful basis, resulting in another person's loss, the illegal profits shall be returned to the person who suffered the loss.

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第九十三條 沒有法定的或者約定的義務，為避免他人利益受損失進行管理或者服務的，有權要求受益人償付由此而支付的必要費用。

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Article 93 If a person acts as manager or provides services in order to protect another person's interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so, he shall be entitled to claim from the beneficiary the expenses necessary for such assistance.

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第五章 民事權利 第三節(jié) 知識產權

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Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights

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第九十四條 公民、法人享有著作權（版權），依法有署名、發(fā)表、出版、獲得報酬等權利。

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Article 94 Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy rights of authorship (copyrights) and shall be entitled to sign their names as authors, issue and publish their works and obtain remuneration in accordance with the law.

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第九十五條 公民、法人依法取得的專利權受法律保護。

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Article 95 The patent rights lawfully obtained by citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law.

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第九十六條 法人、個體工商戶、個人合伙依法取得的商標專用權受法律保護。

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Article 96 The rights to exclusive use of trademarks obtained by legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall be protected by law.

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第九十七條 公民對自己的發(fā)現享有發(fā)現權。發(fā)現人有權申請領取發(fā)現證書、獎金或者其他獎勵。

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Article 97 Citizens who make discoveries shall be entitled to the rights of discovery. A discoverer shall have the right to apply for and receive certificates of discovery, bonuses or other awards.

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公民對自己的發(fā)明或者其他科技成果，有權申請領取榮譽證書、獎金或者其他獎勵。

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Citizens who make inventions or other achievements in scientific and technological research shall have the right to apply for and receive certificates of honour, bonuses or other awards.

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第五章 民事權利 第四節(jié) 人 身 權

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Section 4 Personal Rights

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第九十八條 公民享有生命健康權。

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Article 98 Citizens shall enjoy the rights of life and health.

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第九十九條 公民享有姓名權，有權決定、使用和依照規(guī)定改變自己的姓名，禁止他人干涉、盜用、假冒。

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Article 99 Citizens shall enjoy the right of personal name and shall be entitled to determine, use or change their personal names in accordance with relevant provisions. Interference with, usurpation of and false representation of personal names shall be prohibited.?

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法人、個體工商戶、個人合伙享有名稱權。企業(yè)法人、個體工商戶、個人合伙有權使用、依法轉讓自己的名稱。

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Legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall enjoy the right of name. Enterprises as legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall have the right to use and lawfully assign their own names.

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第一百條 公民享有肖像權，

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Article 100 Citizens shall enjoy the right of portrait.

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未經本人同意，不得以營利為目的使用公民的肖像。

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The use of a citizen's portrait for profit without his consent shall be prohibited.