現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（Present perfect）過(guò)去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果，過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(done)
①肯定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+賓語(yǔ).
②否定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+賓語(yǔ).
③一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+賓語(yǔ).
④特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組+一般疑問(wèn)句（have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他）
定義：　（1） 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是過(guò)去發(fā)生的
（2） 強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果
（3） 在過(guò)去不確定的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但是結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。
但過(guò)去分詞一定要選擇準(zhǔn)確。

1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則：
(1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 burn---burnt---burnt 1hide hid hiden 隱藏 2forget forgot forgoten 忘記 3see saw seen 看見(jiàn) 4take took taken

2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞： AAA型 原型 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost costcut cut cut
hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set shut shut shut
spread spread spread let let let read read read led led led
AAB型　beat beat beaten
ABA型 become became become run ran run come came come
特殊情況 　read read read 　read原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞發(fā)音為/red/
ABB型 bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt　catch caught caught dig dug dug 　feel felt felt fight fought fought 　find found found feed fed fed get got got　hang hung hung hear heard heard 　hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid 　lead led led lose lost lost 　leave left left lend lent lent 　make made made mean meant meantmeet met met 　pay paid paid sell sold sold shoot shot shot say said said
sit sat sat stand stood stood shine shone shone sweep swept swept
sleep slept slept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won 　

ABC型 begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written
take took taken wear wore worn

用法
（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過(guò)或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說(shuō),動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含義是:現(xiàn)在桌子已經(jīng)擺好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含義是:現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現(xiàn)在已在此地)

（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用.
①for+時(shí)段 　
②since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從……以來(lái)）
③since+時(shí)段+ago
④since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）
●⑤It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.
●注：瞬間動(dòng)詞（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接與for since 連用。要改變動(dòng)詞come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in　go out----be out　finish----be over
　open----be open 　die----be dead
★代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

★2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
★3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

★5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1“be＋on”代start,begin 　2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞
1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to
常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表
常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at…相應(yīng)的介詞
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. havemarried → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…

1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用，(如表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for,since連用.

2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用
,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問(wèn)）, just, before, recently,still, lately等: 　He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).

3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.

5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作. We have had four texts this semester.

6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)連用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？

7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

8.一段時(shí)間+has passed+since從句

9. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語(yǔ) "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過(guò)去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在.)
　Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過(guò)好多故事書(shū)。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過(guò)三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別 gone:去了沒(méi)回
been to :去過(guò) 　been in：呆了很久

10.不能與when連用
一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
（ 1 ）、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“主語(yǔ)+ have/ has + 動(dòng)詞（V.）的過(guò)去分詞”。 過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
(2) 、一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別：
① A:Have you seen the film ? B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？（ A ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；
（ B ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的這件事？（ A ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；
（ B ）句單純的詢(xún)問(wèn)做這件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。（ B ）句講的是他在北京住過(guò) 8 年，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在北京了。
（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗過(guò)了車(chē)。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago.　我剛才洗過(guò)車(chē)了。
She has watered the flowers.　她已經(jīng)澆了花。（不需要再澆了）
She watered the flowers yesterday.　她昨天澆的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好了，但還沒(méi)有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.　我上周寫(xiě)的那封信，3天前寄出的。

（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則單純表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了5個(gè)小時(shí)了。
It rained for five hours yesterday.　昨天下了5個(gè)小時(shí)的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home.　他等她等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning.　今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)還在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning.　今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已是下午或晚上）
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)相同點(diǎn)
1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)都可以表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作.如:
I have worked in this school since 2001.
I have been working here since 2001.
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)都可以表示一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.例如:
Mr. Smith has taught English for 20 years.
Mr. Smith has been teaching English for 20 years.
以上句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),含義上沒(méi)有什么差別,兩種時(shí)態(tài)可以互相換.但兩種時(shí)態(tài)也存在有意義上和用法上的差別.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不同點(diǎn)
1. 從定義上來(lái)看,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài),常常與already"已經(jīng)"或ever "曾經(jīng)"連用,如:
We have already learnt Module

3.我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三模塊.
She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.她是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最漂亮的女孩.
而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示的是從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,有可能還要進(jìn)行下去的動(dòng)作,一般不與already或ever等連用,如:
We have been learning Module

4. 我們一直在學(xué)習(xí)第四模塊.(不一定學(xué)完)
注意下面這組句子含義上的區(qū)別:
I have read the novel. 我看過(guò)那本書(shū)了. (已看完)
I have been reading the novel. (一直在看,不一定看完)
2. 相對(duì)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一次性,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù).如:
I have met him at the library. (我在圖書(shū)館見(jiàn)過(guò)他.)
I have been meeting him at the library. (我經(jīng)常在圖書(shū)館看見(jiàn)他.)

3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)都可以表示剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,但在含義上有區(qū)別.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作的結(jié)果,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的則是動(dòng)作的過(guò)程.如:
—You look so tired, what have you been doing 你看起來(lái)很累,做什么了 (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)
—We are very tired. We've been cleaning the house. 我們很累,我們剛才在打掃房子.(強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作所導(dǎo)致)
—We've cleaned the house. You may come in now. 我們打掃過(guò)房子了,你可以進(jìn)來(lái)了.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果"房子干凈")

4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)不能用來(lái)談某個(gè)動(dòng)作的具體次數(shù)或幾件事情.這時(shí),我們要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài).如:
I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon.(×)
I have drunk five cups of coffee this afternoon.

5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)"事實(shí)";而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)"動(dòng)作",并且常含有喜悅,憤怒,不滿(mǎn),厭惡等感情色彩.如:
The lazy boy has lain in bed for a whole day. 這個(gè)懶孩子在床上躺了一天.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
The lazy boy has been lying in bed for a whole day. 這個(gè)懶孩子在床上躺了一天了.(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,含有對(duì)小男孩厭惡的感情色彩)

6. 如果沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有延續(xù)性,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)沒(méi)有.如:
I've been cleaning the house but I still haven't finished.
I've cleaned the house, but I still haven't finished.(×)

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是一個(gè)與過(guò)去時(shí)間和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間都有關(guān)系的時(shí)態(tài)，因此，具有這樣特征的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都可以與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，具體情況有以下幾種：
1. 與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如“ for ＋段時(shí)間”，“ since ＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)”。例如： We have lived in this city for more than 40 years.
從以上兩個(gè)例句我們可以看出，與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為 stay, live, teach, learn, work, sleep, read, wait, keep 等具有延續(xù)性意義的動(dòng)詞。

2. 與籠統(tǒng)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如 already, never, ever, just 等。含有這類(lèi)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示句中的行為或動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。例如：I've just found this library book.
have found 這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但影響到現(xiàn)在，即現(xiàn)在圖書(shū)館的書(shū)在我這兒。
just 所表示的“剛才”是與現(xiàn)在有密切相關(guān)的過(guò)去時(shí)間。
How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
她唱得多美??！我從來(lái)沒(méi)聽(tīng)到過(guò)比這更優(yōu)美的歌喉。
never 表示廣義的過(guò)去，而且一直到目前才截止。

3. 與表示包含過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的一整段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如 lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up to now, so far 等。例如：
How have you been recently ？
你近來(lái)狀況如何？
The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.
那位著名的作家在過(guò)去的兩年里寫(xiě)了一本新書(shū)。
Have you seen her parents these days?
這些天你看見(jiàn)她的父母了嗎？
The Browns have visited a lot of places in China so far.
迄今為止，布朗一家已經(jīng)參觀了中國(guó)的許多地方。

注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與單純表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如 yesterday, last week, in 2002, three days ago 等，因?yàn)樗鼈兣c現(xiàn)在毫無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)。比如我們不能說(shuō)： Han Mei has seen the film two days ago. 因?yàn)?two days ago是單純指過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，只說(shuō)明“看”這一動(dòng)作是在兩天前發(fā)生的，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。但是，只要將它改為since two days ago 就可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里了，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)含有從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間段的意義了。
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