注意：
（1）形容詞最高級前要用the,而副詞最高級前的the可省。
（2）下面這些詞的比較等級可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most構成。
cruel, often, able, clear, clever, correct, dear, free, friendly, happy, handsome, likely, lively, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc.

5. 形容詞、副詞比較等級常用的句型及用法：

類別 用法及意義 句型結(jié)構 例句
原級 沒有比較 very / so / quite / too, etc. +原級 It was very warm yesterday.
二者比較程度相同 as+原級+as+比較對象 You are as clever as Mike.
一方是另一方的幾倍 ...times as+原級+as+比較對象 This bridge is five times as long as that one.
二者比，程度不同 ...not as+原級+as+比較對象 You are not as tall as he.
二者比，前者不如后者 ...not so+原級+as+比較對象 Math isn’t so hard as physics.
比

較

級 二者比，一方比另一方更… 比較級+than... You’re younger than Tom.
二者比，A比B…得多， much / a lot /a little, rather,
a great deal It’s much hotter today than it was yesterday.
A比B甚至還要…/一點 a bit/far/even/still/a little, etc.+比較級+than He’s still stronger than Jack.
He’s far older than you.
表“越來越…” 比較級+and+同一比較級 She’s getting fatter and fatter.
表“越…就越…” the+比較級+…，
the+比較級+…， The more you ask, the more you’ll
understand.
A比B（高，長…）多少倍 ...times+比較級+than This line is four times longer than that one.
在二者中哪個是更…的那個 Which / Who is the+比較級+of the two? Who is the taller of the twins?
哪個更…，A還是B？ Which/Who+謂+比較級，A or B? Who runs faster, Lily or Mary?
表“越來越…” 比較級and+另一比較級+than+… He’s getting healthier and stronger than his brother.
表“比…更少”或“不如…” less+原級或名詞+than Tom made less mistakes than Jack.
This story is less interesting than that one.
She’s less rich than he.
表“與其說”，“不如…”，“不止…” more+原級+than She is more hard-working than clever.
more+名詞+than Mr.Smith is more an artist than a teacher.
more+than+原級/名詞 She’s more than a teacher.
She’s more than tired.
表“并不比某某…”或“與某某一樣不…” no+比較級+than… She’s no taller than you.
最高級 三者或三者以上比較“某某最…” (the)+最高級+of+復數(shù)名詞 He runs fastest of the boys.
在某區(qū)域的“最…” (the)+最高級+in+單數(shù)集體名詞或地點 He is the tallest in his class.
“在三者或三者以上當中最…之一” one of the+最高級+復數(shù)名詞+… She’s one of the best students in this class.
“第幾大/長…” the+序數(shù)詞+最高級(+名詞)+in+區(qū)域 It is the second longest river in the world.
“三者以上當中誰/哪個最…” Which/Who+謂語+（the）最高級，A、B、C or D? Who jumps highest, Tom,Jack or Smith?

(七)冠詞
1．冠詞的概念及種類：

分類 含義 形式 例詞 說明
不定冠詞 表示“一”，強調(diào)類別 a a pen 用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表泛指
an an Englishman
定冠詞 this這
that那
these這些
those那些 the the bike
the water
the empty box 用于各類名詞前，表特指

2．不定冠詞a/an的用法：
用 法 舉 例
用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，指類別 Joan is an English teacher.
用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，泛指某人或物 There’s a letter for you.
用于指初次提到某人/物 She has a dog.
指某類物或人中的“任何一個” A horse runs fast.
用在不可數(shù)名詞前表“一次/場/”或“一個/種人或物” I would like a coffee.
用于時間、度量衡名詞前表“每一” He has two meals a day.
用于某些習慣用語或固定詞組中 as a result(of),have a rest
have a chat,in a hurry
have a word with sb.
a little,a lot(of),a pair of
a cup of,a great deal of

3.定冠詞the的常見用法：
用法 例 句
用在序數(shù)詞前 Tom is always the first to get to school.
用在形容詞最高級前 Is it the most difficult lesson in this term?
特指雙方都知道的人/物 Did you go to the hospital just now?
指前面出現(xiàn)的人/物 He has a dog.The dog is named Huzi.
指世上獨一無二的事物前 The sun rises in the east.
用在被修飾限定的人/物前 Do you know the boy talking with our teacher?
樂器、文娛等名稱前 She plays the piano.
注：play football (football前不加the)
“年代”數(shù)詞前 In the 1960’s China is in disorder.
“方位、方向”名詞前 Please turn to the left.
用在姓氏復數(shù)前表一家人或夫婦 The Smiths are having dinner.
用在某些形容詞，表一類人/物 The English are friendly.
用在階級、機構、黨派的名詞前 America is a member of the United Nations.
江河、海湖、海灣、海峽、群島、山脈等的名詞前 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
在固定搭配中 by the way,in the end

八、動詞
1.動詞的概念及種類 動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，按在句中的功用分為以下四種：
類別 用法及意戶 例詞 例句與說明
實
義
動
詞 及物動詞（vt.） 表動作或狀態(tài)，有完整詞義，后接賓語，能單獨作謂語 like, enjoy,
watch, want She likes watching TV.
Do you enjoy listening to music?
不及物動詞(vi.) 表動作或狀態(tài)，有完整詞義，后接賓語，能單獨作謂語 rise, come, arrive, happen That story happened last year.
When did Tom arrive?
連系動詞 本身有詞義，但須與表語一起構成謂語 表示“是”，“仍是” be, stay, remain She remains a teacher.
表“變得” become, get, grow, fall, go,turn It’s getting warm.
表“聽/看/聞/摸/嘗 起來” sound / look / smell / feel / taste That sounds a good idea.
It tastes delicious.
表“似乎”,“好象” seem,appear He seems all right.
助動詞 本身無意義不單獨作謂語 謂語動詞是單獨的行為動詞，在一般現(xiàn)在時/過去時的句中幫助構成否定或疑問 Do, Does, Did(位于句首構成一般問句) Does he speak English?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
He doesn’t speak English.
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于謂語動詞前來表否定) Jane didn’t go to school yesterday.
與doing連用構成進行時 be (not) doing She is doing her homework now.
與done連用構成被動語態(tài) be done The tree was planed last year.
與done連用構成完成時 have / has / had done She has gone back.
后接動詞原形構成將來時 will/ shall do I shall do it.
情態(tài)動詞 本身有意義，但不能單獨作謂語，與主要動詞原形一起表示說話人的語氣，情態(tài)，沒有人稱、數(shù)的變化。 表“能夠” can/could(沒其他形式)
be able to(有各種時態(tài)與形式) Jane could swim when she was six.
I’ll be able to speak French next year.
表“許可” may(較正式)
can(口語) You may smoke here.
“can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以
表“請求許可” can/could(用于一、二人稱)
may/might(用于第一人稱) Can you help me?
May I help you?=Can I help you?
表“可能” can/could
may/might(不用于問句) “can’t”只用于否定
“may not / might not”不可能
表“必須” must
have to(可有各種時態(tài)) “mustn’t”意為“不可以”，表禁止
“don’t/doesn’t have to”意為“不必”
表“應該” should,ought to有義務
be supposed to shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不應該
are not supposed to不應該
表“一定” must Tom must be late.
表“需要” need 作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句，疑問句或條件從句
作行為動詞時，常用于肯定句
表“敢”
表“請求指示” dare
shall I / we / he…？ —“Shall I open the door”?
—“Sure,please.”
Where shall we meet?
表“向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蟆?Will / Would you please? —“Will you please open the door?”
—“Sure.”
詢問對方的意思 Would you like to…? —“Would you like to try one more.”
—“No,thank you.”
表說話人的意愿 shall You shall be back at ten。
“命令、允諾、強制”等，用于二、三人稱 He shall obey the rules.
表“意愿”，用于各人稱 will/would I will answer the phone.
表“過去常常習慣于” used to 過去曾有的動作/狀態(tài)；過去的習慣，此時相當于would；表次數(shù)時不用。
would 表過去動作的重復，有明確的時間狀語；表過去的次數(shù)時不用。
表“祝愿” may May you succeed.

2．動詞的基本形式及變化規(guī)則如下表：

情況/形式 原形 現(xiàn)在分詞 過去式 過去分詞
一般情況 talk 加-ing
talking 加-ed
talked 加-ed
talked
以e結(jié)尾 remove 去e加-ing
removing 加-d
removed 加-d
removed
以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾 carry 加-ing
carrying 改y為i加-ed
carried 改y為i再加-ed
carried
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)單詞 stop 雙寫結(jié)尾輔音字母加-ing
stopping
雙寫結(jié)尾輔音字母再加-ed
stopped 雙寫結(jié)尾輔音字母再加-ed
stopped
以s,x,sh,ch[t?]結(jié)尾的詞 watch 加-ing
watching 加-ed
watched 加-ed
watched
以ie結(jié)尾的詞 tie 改ie為y再加-ing
tying 加-d
tied 加-d
tied

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