在定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞who (whom) 和that都可指人和物,在一般情況下,可以互換使用,但在下列情況下值得注意:
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞指人時(shí),只能用who (whom)。
如:
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐,她在國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí),就在圣誕節(jié)前給我寄來了漂亮的禮物。
(2) 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)指人的先行詞進(jìn)行隔位修飾時(shí),只能用who (whom)。
如:
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你認(rèn)識(shí)黑板前面正在給學(xué)生們講話的那位女孩子嗎?
(3) 當(dāng)先行詞為people和those時(shí),只能用who (whom)。
如:
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那兒的人請(qǐng)來這邊。
(4) 當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 時(shí),只能用who (whom)。
如:
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反對(duì)我們的人就是我們的敵人。
(5) 先行詞指人,而關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般多用who。
如:
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天來這兒的那個(gè)人說過幾天他會(huì)再來。
(6) ?在there be句型中名詞的定語(yǔ)從句多用who (whom)。
如:
There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我們班有些學(xué)生你見過。
(7) ?當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)指人的現(xiàn)行詞分別帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),若一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞為that, 那么,另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞必定為who。
如:
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 剛才你會(huì)到的那個(gè)男孩是李明的剛從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) ?當(dāng)先行詞前面有形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。
如:
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在為我們隊(duì)踢足球的最高哪個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員來自山東。
(2) 當(dāng)先行詞前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容詞修飾時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。如:
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一個(gè)對(duì)老師說“不”的學(xué)生
(3) 當(dāng)主句是以who開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。
如:
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 剛才跟你談話的那位婦女是誰(shuí)?
(4) the same as 與 the same that
the same as所引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容與先行詞同類而不同物;the same that表示所引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容與先行詞同類同物,即:同一事物。
如:
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿著我?guī)滋烨八鶃G失的上衣。(暗含:她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿著跟我?guī)滋烨八鶃G失的上衣同樣的上衣。(暗含:她所穿的上衣不是我所丟失的那一件)