Being an expert at something really pays off. Just how good are top performers compared to everybody else??
成為某個領(lǐng)域的專家真的是件值得做的事情。不過，我們所說的專家和普通人比起來到底專多少呢？

Research shows in high complexity jobs like professional and sales roles, the top 10 percent produce 80 percent more than average and 700 percent more than the bottom 10 percent.?
一組數(shù)據(jù)來告訴你，在調(diào)查了不同行業(yè)的專家到銷售人員，位于該行業(yè)頂尖的10%貢獻(xiàn)了80%的行業(yè)成果，是該行業(yè)底層10%貢獻(xiàn)的7倍還多。

But as I'm sure you're aware, becoming the best ain't easy. As Bobby Knight once said, "Everybody has the will to win; few people have the will to prepare to win."
但你們也一定清楚，想要做到最好并不容易，就像Bobby Knight （著名籃球教練）所說：“每個都渴望成功，但只有少數(shù)人會為此做出準(zhǔn)備?！?/div>

And one of the reasons why it's hard to become great is because a lot of what you've been told about how to learn, study, or train is wrong, wrong, and dead wrong.
阻礙你成功的不利因素很多，其中就有看似引導(dǎo)你成功的學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練方法，實則帶你誤入歧途。

So it's time to learn how to get better at gettin' better. Whether you want to be a great public speaker, study for exams, or improve your free throws, we're going to learn what methods research and experts recommend for becoming an expert at anything.
該是學(xué)習(xí)正確方法的時候啦，不論你是想提升演講水平，或是應(yīng)試能力，亦或是更加準(zhǔn)確的投球率，以下方法均可適用。

先來測一測

I'm going to ask you one question. And this question will probably predict just how good you'll end up being at whatever it is you're passionate about.
問你個問題，來判斷你感興趣事情將會取得專業(yè)程度。

How long are you going to be doing this?
為了達(dá)到專業(yè)你能堅持多久？

Yeah, doing something for a long time probably correlates with being decent at it but that's not the point.
對，如果你擅長一件事，那么你更可能做得長，但這并不是重點。

Committing in advance to being in it for the long haul made all the difference. Even when practicing the same amount, those who made a long-term commitment did 400 percent better than the short-termers.
是否從一開始就做好長期從事的打算，才是問題的癥結(jié)。即使練習(xí)時長完全相同，做了長期準(zhǔn)備的人的表現(xiàn)也比那些只做短期準(zhǔn)備的人好4倍。

From The Talent Code：With the same amount of practice, the long-term-commitment group outperformed the short-term-commitment group by 400 percent.
節(jié)選自《一萬個小時》：練習(xí)同樣的時間，長期目標(biāo)小組的成績4倍于短期小組。

The long-term-commitment group, with a mere twenty minutes of weekly practice, progressed faster than the short-termers who practiced for an hour and a half.
不僅如此，每周訓(xùn)練20分鐘的長期目標(biāo)小組比每周訓(xùn)練90分鐘的短期目標(biāo)小組的進(jìn)步還要大。

When long-term commitment combined with high levels of practice, skills skyrocketed.
當(dāng)長期目標(biāo)小組配合高強度的訓(xùn)練，其成效如同坐上火箭，銳不可當(dāng)。

2. Find a Mentor
找一個導(dǎo)師

Luke had Yoda. The Karate Kid had Mr. Miyagi. I'm sure Kung Fu Panda had somebody but I never saw that movie.
就像星際大戰(zhàn)中的盧克有絕地大師，龍威小子有宮城先生，功夫熊貓也有個師傅，雖然我沒有看過電影。

You get the picture.
但是我想你明白我是什么意思。

When I spoke to Anders Ericsson, the professor who did the research behind the "10,000 hour rule" he said mentors were vital. But you knew that already.
曾為“一萬個小時理論”作調(diào)研的Aders Ericsson, 說有個導(dǎo)師對于成功是非常重要的，這個你們肯定都知道。

So what does the research show about mentors that most people get wrong? Merely finding someone to help you that is already an expert doesn't cut it.
那么根據(jù)這份調(diào)查，為什么很多人選了倒是卻還是沒達(dá)到效果？原因是：單單找一個已專家來教你是沒有用的。

When I spoke to Shane Snow, author of Smartcuts, he said your mentor needs to care about you.
我曾和《Smartcuts》的作者肖恩斯諾談及此事，他說你的導(dǎo)師需要是一個關(guān)心你的人。

Here's Shane: In great mentorship relationships the mentor doesn't just care about the thing that you're learning, they care about how your life goes. They are with you for the long haul. They are willing to say, "No," and to tell you what you're doing is wrong.
Shane的觀點是這樣的：這個導(dǎo)師不能只關(guān)心你學(xué)的東西，他還得關(guān)心你的生活。這個人需要與你建立長期的關(guān)系。他們必須愿意對你說“不”，并告訴你你做的哪些事情是錯的。

Those kinds of relationships yield outsized results in terms of future salaries and happiness.
這樣的關(guān)系將在未來薪資以及幸福感方面帶來顯著提升。

3. Start with what's important
先學(xué)關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)容

David Epstein put it simply: "The hallmark of expertise is figuring out what information is important."
David Epstein說得很簡明：“看一個人是否專業(yè)，就要看他是不是知道哪些信息重要?！?/div>

There are many components to any skill but practicing them all doesn't produce the same results.
任何技能都由很多部分組成，但你把它們?nèi)寄脕砭毑⒉灰欢ň涂偰苓_(dá)到同樣的好效果。

When I spoke to Tim Ferriss, bestselling author of The 4-Hour Workweek he said: Do an 80-20 analysis and ask yourself, "Which 20 percent of these things I need to learn will get me 80 percent of the results that I want?"
暢銷書《The 4-Hour Workweek》的作者Tim認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該做個二八原則分析，問問你自己：“學(xué)哪20%的部分可以獲得80%的知識？”

When Tim was learning chess from champion Josh Waitzkin (whose life was the basis for the film Searching for Bobby Fischer) they did things the opposite from how most chess instruction works.
他曾師從Josh Waitzkin（基本是電影“王者之旅”的現(xiàn)實版）學(xué)習(xí)國際象棋，而他們的訓(xùn)練方式和主流做法完全相反。

They didn't start with the beginning of a chess game. They jumped straight to key moves that are applicable to the majority of interactions on the board. This allowed Tim to hang with top players after only a few days of practice.
不同于先打基本功，而是在棋譜上學(xué)習(xí)足以招架大部分進(jìn)攻的招式。短短幾天Tim 就可以和高手對弈了。

4. "Train like you fight"
像實戰(zhàn)一樣訓(xùn)練

When I spoke to Special Forces Lieutenant Colonel Mike Kenny he told me, "Train like you fight."
當(dāng)我和特種部隊上尉Mike Kenny 取經(jīng)時，他說秘訣是“把每一次訓(xùn)練都當(dāng)成實戰(zhàn)”。

You want your practice to be as similar to the real thing as possible. And research backs Mike up. Not only will you be better prepared, but you learn much better when the context you practice in matches the context you will eventually perform in.
他認(rèn)為你的練習(xí)環(huán)境需要盡可能接近實戰(zhàn)環(huán)境。而有研究顯示他的理論是對的。如果你的練習(xí)環(huán)境和實戰(zhàn)環(huán)境一致，你不光會為實戰(zhàn)做到更好的準(zhǔn)備，還會學(xué)得更好。

How strong is this effect? Insanely strong.
而這個效果有多強呢？強到變態(tài)。

5. Use "desirable difficulty"
“適當(dāng)增加難度”來復(fù)習(xí)

Reviewing material is one of the most popular forms of learning. Guess what? It's also one of the least effective.
復(fù)習(xí)是最流行的學(xué)習(xí)方式之一。然而，你知道它同時也是最無效的之一么？

Researchers call this "the fluency illusion." Just because it's easy to remember right now doesn't mean it will stay that way.
研究學(xué)家稱它為“熟練的假象”。你當(dāng)時記得清楚并不代表你以后也會記得。

"Desirable difficulty" means that the harder you work trying to retrieve something from memory, the better you learn.
“適當(dāng)增加難度”的意義在于，你越難回憶起某個知識，你就會記得越牢。

Don't merely reread stuff. Practice like a medical student and quiz yourself with flashcards. You're not going to learn much passively. Research show re-reading material four times was not nearly as effective as reading it once and writing a summary.
不要就簡單地重復(fù)閱讀，可以學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)生利用抽認(rèn)卡來測試自己。被動地學(xué)是學(xué)不到東西的，研究表明，一本書你讀四遍的效果不如你讀一遍然后寫一篇讀書小結(jié)來的好。

You need to struggle. Whether it's memorizing information or practicing a sport or skill, you want your practice to be challenging.
你得受點挫折，不管是在記憶方面或是鍛煉某項運動或其他技能。要盡量做些有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)。

When I spoke to Dan Coyle, bestselling author of The Talent Code, he said: We learn when we're in our discomfort zone. When you're struggling, that's when you're getting smarter.
就像《一萬個小時天才》的作者Dan Colye所說，在我們舒適區(qū)以外，我們最能學(xué)到東西。就是俗話說的“吃一塹，長一智”。

The more time you spend there, the faster you learn. It's better to spend a very, very high quality ten minutes, or even 10 seconds, than it is to spend a mediocre hour.
花越多的時間鉆研，你就會學(xué)習(xí)得越快。這樣高質(zhì)量的十分鐘，哪怕是10秒鐘，比一個小時的磨洋工要有效率的多。

6. Get fast, negative feedback
你需要“及時的負(fù)面反饋”

One of the 3 key components to "10,000 hours of deliberate practice" is feedback. Without it you don't know if you're improving or what you need to work on next. [/en
]關(guān)于“一萬小時刻意訓(xùn)練”三個要素的其中之一就是反饋。如果沒有反饋那么你就不知道自己哪里需要提高，下一步的訓(xùn)練計劃要怎么制定。

[en]And don't just listen to me because I read the nerdy research. The most un-nerdy people in the world are on the same page. When I spoke to Navy SEAL platoon commander James Waters, he said feedback is critical.

而且，也不要光聽我這個書蟲在這說，事實上，那些最不書蟲的人也懂的這個道理。比如海軍海豹突擊隊指揮官James Water 就認(rèn)為反饋至關(guān)重要。

After every mission, SEALs do a review of what happened to get feedback. Do they all just congratulate each other? No, they spend 90 percent of their time on the negative: what they can do better next time.
每次任務(wù)結(jié)束之后，隊員們就會對發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行意見收集反饋。難道他們僅僅是為了慶祝任務(wù)完成，當(dāng)然不是，他們90%的時間都花在對于問題研究，下一次怎樣才能做的更好。

And there's another vital source of feedback: yourself. Always take some time to reflect on how you're doing.
還有一項重要的反饋就是自我評價，每次對于自己的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評價。

7. Study less. Test more.
少學(xué)，多練

Get your nose out of that book. Avoid the classroom. Whatever it is you want to be the best at, be doing it.
不要死盯著書本，也不要去教室。如果你想做好一件事，那就趕快去做。

Here's Dan Coyle: Our brains evolved to learn by doing things, not by hearing about them.
Dan Colye (《一萬個小時天才理論》作者) 認(rèn)為，進(jìn)化使我們大腦習(xí)慣通過練習(xí)來學(xué)習(xí)，而不是靠聽。

This is one of the reasons that, for a lot of skills, it's much better to spend about two thirds of your time testing yourself on it rather than absorbing it.
大部分技能，要花三分之二的時間來練習(xí)，不僅僅是單純的學(xué)習(xí)。

There's a rule of two thirds. If you want to, say, memorize a passage, it's better to spend 30 percent of your time reading it, and the other 70 percent of your time testing yourself on that knowledge.
這就是三分之二規(guī)律。比如說，你要記憶一片文章，花30%的時間來讀，70%的時間來測試你是否記得里面的內(nèi)容。

8. Naps are steroids for your brain
睡得多，學(xué)得快

If you're not getting enough sleep, you're not learning as well as you could be. In fact, research shows there is a correlation between student grades and average amount of sleep.
如果你睡得不夠，那么你的學(xué)習(xí)效果其實并不好。事實上有研究表面，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績與平均睡眠時間長短呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。

Via NurtureShock: Teens who received As averaged about 15 more minutes sleep than the B students, who in turn averaged 15 more minutes than the C's, and so on.
NurtureShock 如是說：青少年學(xué)習(xí)成績平均得A的學(xué)生比平均成績得B的學(xué)生多睡15分鐘，平均成績B的比平均成績得C的平均多睡15分鐘，以此類推。

Wahlstrom's data was an almost perfect replication of results from an earlier study of over 3,000 Rhode Island high schoolers by Brown's Carskadon. Certainly, these are averages, but the consistency of the two studies stands out.
Wahlstrom所的出的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)論與之前由Brown 選取羅得島高中3000人所得出的結(jié)論如出一轍。誠然，這只是平均值，但兩個研究的結(jié)果如此一致，說明問題真的如此。

Every 15 minutes counts. Too busy to get eight hours? I hear you. Naps to the rescue!
即使是15分鐘的小睡也有用。睡不滿8個小時，懂你。那就讓小睡來拯救你。

?

So you do all eight things and practice your tush off and now you're The Master. Know what else you are?
好，現(xiàn)在你已經(jīng)學(xué)到了上面的技巧，并且勤加練習(xí)過，你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是個大師了。而除此以外你還會怎樣？

Happier.
你會變得更加快樂

When you're good at something and you do it often, the result isn't just promotions or more wins on the tennis court, you also smile more often.
如果你變得擅長某項技能，而且又經(jīng)常做的話，那結(jié)果不僅僅是升職，或是摘得更多的網(wǎng)球比賽桂冠，你會變得更加快樂。

People who deliberately exercise their "signature strengths" — talents that set them apart from others — on a daily basis became significantly happier for months. It's not lonely at the top. It's happy.
天才和普通人的區(qū)別，覺得自己的影響力變大了，日積月累，成就感加倍。高處不會不勝寒，能做到最好是讓人歡欣鼓舞的一件事。

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