名師總結十六句口訣根治“語法病”
口訣9:省略句
人名、店名、標題名,狀語從句主語同。不定符號to之后,口語比較從句中。
After dining at the Jones’ (house), I met him at my tailor’s (shop).
Vingo tightened his face, as if fortifying himself against still another disappointment.
口訣10:定冠詞
序數(shù)、方位、最高級,樂器、黨派和階級。地理名詞去湖泊,獨一無二Space。普通名詞專有化,一類人、物看回指。
“序數(shù)、方位、最高級,樂器、黨派和階級”,如:The Third Wave, join the Party, play the electronic organ( 中國樂器常常無冠詞,如play dizi)。
“地理名詞去湖泊,獨一無二Space”指地理名詞要有定冠詞,如:the Alps, the Sahara, the Nile,但湖泊例外,如:Lake Baikal。
“獨一無二Space”指獨一無二的事物要加定冠詞,但Space(“太空”),society(“社會”),man(“人類”)前無冠詞。
“普通名詞專有化”后要加定冠詞,如:the United Nations, the Ministry of Education.
“一類人、物看回指”指定冠詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用可指“一類人或物”,如:The lion is the king of beasts.
“看回指”是說回指前面已提到的事物時要加定冠詞。
口訣11:零冠詞
一日三餐有職位,物主、指代、every。季節(jié)、月份與星期,棋類、球類、節(jié)假日。
“一日三餐有職位”指一日三餐前、表示職位的名詞前用零冠詞,即無冠詞,如:Her husband had been made Mayor.
“物主、指代、every”指名詞前有物主代詞、指代代詞、名詞所有格及every等修飾時。
“季節(jié)、月份與星期,棋類、球類、節(jié)假日”指在季節(jié)、月份、星期、棋類、球類、節(jié)假日前可不用冠詞,然中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前往往有定冠詞。如:play volleyball, Saint Valentine’s Day, the Spring Festival
口訣12:不定代詞之一
either、neither謂語單,none指人時同 no one; one復數(shù)是ones, another可置few前。
“either、neither謂語單”指either或neither作主語時謂語動詞為單數(shù),如:Either\ Neither sentence is correct English.
不定代詞之二
Every、no只定語, each每個重個體,lots只有肯定句,other復數(shù) others.
“Every、no只定語”指Every、no只能作定語,實際上應視為形容詞。
不定代詞之三
it代替同一物,that代替不可數(shù);none作主語none of, 謂語可單也可復。All、both部分否。
“that代替不可數(shù)”,如:The population of China is large than that of USA.
“none作主語none of,謂語可單也可復”,如:None of us agree \ agrees with what he said.
“All、both部分否”,指All、both和not連用時是部分否定,而非全部否定。如:All that glitters is not gold.( 發(fā)光的未必都是金子。)
口訣13:連系動詞
也叫系動詞,共分三種,即“特征、狀態(tài),保態(tài)、變態(tài)”。
“特征、狀態(tài)”指第一類單純表示一種特征、狀態(tài),如:be, seem, appear, feel, look, sound, taste, smell,
“保態(tài)”指保持原有狀態(tài),如:remain, keep , continue
“變態(tài)”指改變原有狀態(tài),如:become, get, grow, come, go, turn, fall, prove
口訣14:情態(tài)動詞之一
否定may時 mustn’t,否定must(為)needn’t。祝愿句中只用 may,把握不大用might。如:May you succeed.
情態(tài)動詞之二
ought 、should兩相通,語氣ought to較重。該做沒做用完成。
“該做沒做用完成”是說ought to、should的完成時表示本該做的事,實際沒做,有責備意。如:You should have been here 10 minutes earlier.
情態(tài)動詞之三
情態(tài)need常否、疑,接完成時“本不必”;肯定should 、 must,動名、不定為實意。
此段表述的是need的用法,情態(tài)動詞need多用于否定句、疑問句,接完成時是“本不必做實際做了”,肯定句中用should 、 must 、have to來代替,后接動名詞、不定式時已為實意動詞,而非情態(tài)動詞。如:The motorcycle needs to be repaired. Your hair needs washing badly.
情態(tài)動詞之四
條件、疑問與否定,dare to do表實動。
此段表述的是dare的用法,情態(tài)動詞dare多用于條件句、否定句、疑問句,dare to do表示實意動詞。如:Who dare touch my teeth? He dared to do so.
歌訣十五:介詞except 與 except for
前后同,介、不、從。
盡管介詞except 與 except for殊難區(qū)分,然一旦記住上面的六字口訣,問題便迎刃而解。具體是說,在表示“除外”時,besides是“加上”,except 和except for都是“減去”。在表示“減去”時,except 表示的是“減去”的內容屬于同一類,否則用except for。
例:None of them can speak English except my teacher.(my teacher和 them是同類)
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
(Composition和spelling mistakes不是同類)
except 還可接介詞短語、不定式和從句,except for則不能接這些結構。
例:The farmer rarely went to the city except to hospital.
He can do everything except give birth.
They had no idea where the hotel was, except that it was near a post office.
口訣16:不同種類副詞的詞序
可記一句話:程、狀、地,地、狀、頻,時間狀語是殿軍。
“程、狀、地”指先后順序,如:Children played fairly (程度) well (狀態(tài)) there (地點)yesterday.
“地、狀、頻”,如:I have been to Germany (地點) delightfully (狀態(tài)) twice (頻度) in 2002. “時間狀語是殿軍”指時間狀語總是放在最后面。