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How Animals Hear（動(dòng)物如何聽(tīng)到聲音）

6. By direct observations and many experiments, biologists have discovered that practically all animals have some sense of hearing or vibration. Earthworms feel vibrations in the soil, fish can be trained to respond to certain tones, male mosquitoes are attracted by the sound of the female, and frogs will respond to a tape recording of their own voices.

6、通過(guò)直接觀察和許多試驗(yàn)，生物學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，實(shí)際上所有的動(dòng)物都具有某種聽(tīng)覺(jué)或振動(dòng)感。蚯蚓在土壤里能感覺(jué)震動(dòng)，魚(yú)類可以訓(xùn)練的對(duì)特定的音調(diào)有反應(yīng)，雄性蚊子可以被雌性蚊子的聲音所吸引，青蛙對(duì)它們自己的聲音的錄音有所反應(yīng)。

7. The inner ear is composed of delicate membranes which bear dense patches of specialized cells called maculae. Each of these collections of cells can carry a message to the brain. What message is carried by a macula depends upon how it is affected. The message which is carried is not, however, always connected with the hearing sense. For instance, a certain kind of tadpole can tell the depth of the water it is swimming in by the pitch of a tone which is produced by its own lungs.

7、內(nèi)耳由脆弱的薄膜構(gòu)成，它承載著密集的由被稱作斑疹的特殊細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的片。每個(gè)這樣的細(xì)胞群都能夠把信息傳遞給大腦，而斑疹承載怎樣的信息依賴于它是怎樣受影響的。但是被承載的信息并不總是與聽(tīng)覺(jué)相連。舉個(gè)例子，有一種蝌蚪能感知它所游泳之處水的深度，它是通過(guò)某種自己肺部產(chǎn)生的聲音的音調(diào)來(lái)判定的。

8. In the human and all other mammals, the macula has developed into an organ which can easily be seen. This organ is called the cochlea. This spiral shaped organ contains the macula itself and it is called "organ of Corti" after its discoverer. If you have ever seen a snail shell, you know how a cochlea looks.

8、對(duì)于人類和其他所有哺乳類動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)，斑疹已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成為一種很容易看見(jiàn)的器官，這種器官稱作“耳蝸”。這一螺旋形的器官包括了MACULAE本身，以及后來(lái)被其發(fā)現(xiàn)者稱為“CORTI”的器官。如果你看到過(guò)蝸牛的殼，你就知道耳蝸的形象。

9. When sound waves enter the cochlea, which is really a tube coiled around, they set a membrane into a back and forth motion and cause a new wave. This is something like the way in which high and low sounds are produced by a flute or whistle. The high sounds are produced when the air is prevented by the holes from going through, while the low sounds are produced by allowing more of the air to pass. All this is what produces the differences between high and low sounds. The loudness of a sound is evidently produced by how much the membrane is cause to move.

9、當(dāng)聲波進(jìn)入耳蝸這條盤旋的管道，它令薄膜前后移動(dòng)并且產(chǎn)生新的波動(dòng)。這種方式類似于長(zhǎng)笛或是哨子所產(chǎn)生的高低音。當(dāng)洞穴被阻擋導(dǎo)致空氣不能通過(guò)通道時(shí)就產(chǎn)生高音，而有更多空氣通過(guò)通道時(shí)則產(chǎn)生低音。這些造成了高音和低音的不同。而聲音的大小則明顯的決定于耳膜運(yùn)動(dòng)。

10. Whether or not hearing is really produced in all animals by the effect of pressure is not definitely known by scientists as yet. We do know, however, that nature has set up some very delicate hearing mechanisms for its creatures. Scientists must explore much further for more knowledge about how animals use their ears.

10、對(duì)于所有的動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)，聽(tīng)覺(jué)是否真的因?yàn)闅鈮旱挠绊懚a(chǎn)生，至今科學(xué)家們?nèi)匀粵](méi)有明確的了解。但是我們知道，自然界已經(jīng)為它的生物們建立了一些非常精細(xì)的聽(tīng)覺(jué)機(jī)制?？茖W(xué)家們必須進(jìn)行更加深入地探討才能夠?qū)?dòng)物如何應(yīng)用它們的耳朵獲得更多的知識(shí)。

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