2010專八語言學(xué)必背
來源：百度貼吧
2010-02-26 11:25
II. Phonetics(語音學(xué)）
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(發(fā)音語音學(xué)）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(協(xié)調(diào)） in the process.
Auditory phonetics （聽覺語音學(xué)）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(調(diào)節(jié)） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神經(jīng)） and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (聲學(xué)語音學(xué)） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（傳送） between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(氣流發(fā)生器官） the producer of voice（聲音發(fā)生器官） and the resonating cavities.（聲音共振器官）
3. Consonants(輔音）
Places of articulation(發(fā)音部位）: bilabial,(雙唇） Labiodentals,（唇齒） dental,（齒） alveolar,（齒齦） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齒齦） palatal,（上顎） velar,（軟腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(聲門）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（顫音） lateral,（邊音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）
4. Vowels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韻學(xué)）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有區(qū)別的） sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位變體）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小對立體）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由變異）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(環(huán)境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(互補分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性質(zhì)） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音節(jié)）， stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音調(diào)）and intonation（語調(diào)）.
IV. Morphology（詞法）
1. inflection(構(gòu)形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折詞綴）
2. Word-formation(構(gòu)詞）：the processes(過程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明詞法關(guān)系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(詞素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同質(zhì)異象變體）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(詞根） affix（詞綴） and stem（詞干）.
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(發(fā)音語音學(xué)）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(協(xié)調(diào)） in the process.
Auditory phonetics （聽覺語音學(xué)）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(調(diào)節(jié)） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神經(jīng)） and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (聲學(xué)語音學(xué)） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（傳送） between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(氣流發(fā)生器官） the producer of voice（聲音發(fā)生器官） and the resonating cavities.（聲音共振器官）
3. Consonants(輔音）
Places of articulation(發(fā)音部位）: bilabial,(雙唇） Labiodentals,（唇齒） dental,（齒） alveolar,（齒齦） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齒齦） palatal,（上顎） velar,（軟腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(聲門）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（顫音） lateral,（邊音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）
4. Vowels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韻學(xué)）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有區(qū)別的） sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位變體）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小對立體）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由變異）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(環(huán)境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(互補分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性質(zhì)） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音節(jié)）， stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音調(diào)）and intonation（語調(diào)）.
IV. Morphology（詞法）
1. inflection(構(gòu)形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折詞綴）
2. Word-formation(構(gòu)詞）：the processes(過程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明詞法關(guān)系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(詞素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同質(zhì)異象變體）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(詞根） affix（詞綴） and stem（詞干）.